Amsco AP World 6.3

Vocabulary for Sections 6.3

Key term/event

Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

16. Indian National Congress

A congress established by British-educated Indians that started as a place where people could talk about grievances towards the colonial government. This congress called for their state to be self ruled

17. Treaty of Paris

The treaty between the US and Spain, that basically just transferred control of the Philippines from the Spanish to the US.

18. Maori Wars

The Maori people were located in New Zealand, and they were promised property rights from the British, but they were not kept. The British settlement patterns were not expected by the Maori, leading to the Maori wars, but the British beat the Maori in 1846. The treaty of Watiangi was written to protect Maori rights, but in 1861, the British ignored the treaty and tried pressuring the Maori to give up lands where they sent troops to pressure them. In 1900 the Maori lost most of their land.

19. Pan-Africanism

An identity of Western-educated Africans who shared this identity and nationalism.

20. Xhosa Cattle Killing

In South Africa, the Xhosa people didn’t want to be ruled by the Europeans, any of them. The cattle of the Xhosa were becoming sick with diseases from the cattle of British settlers. The Xhosa began killing their cattle and crops because they believed that this would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their land. This movement caused famine and deaths of 1000s of people, but the British still stayed in the land.

REMEMBER TO USE COMPLETE SENTENCES UNLESS NOTED.

6.3 “Indigenous Responses to State Expansion”

Objective

Key Developments

Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750-1900.

General

1. How did enlightenment ideals help leaders push against colonization? Enlightenment ideals helped leaders push against colonialism because many nationalist movements’ leaders started to understand Enlightenment ideals like having natural rights, sovereignty, and nationalism. Colonial elites later used their education that imperialism gave them to eventually drive out their conquerors in the 20th century. The imperial resistance groups (against) usually ended up making new states.

Nationalist Movements in the Balkans

2. Who were those in the Balkan Peninsula inspired by? Who won independence from Ottoman rule? People in the Balkan Peninsula were inspired by the French revolution. Ethnic nationalism came through as people in the Balkans wanted independence. The ethnic tensions in this area set a step for World War I. Serbia and Greece eventually won independence, Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro freed by Treaty of Berlin, but put eh states of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austria-Hungary control

Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas

3. Why was the Proclamation of 1763 significant? This is significant because it was issued between Britain and France in the French Indian war. The act said that land between the Appalachians and Mississisppi were to be reserved for Native Americans. This is significant because it was the very first time that territorial rights of indigenous people were recognized by a European govt. (Colonists though, were upset at the intervention in colonial affairs and once they got independence, they took over the river valleys in Ohio and Illinois which displaced the Natives)

4. How did the Cherokee Nation assimilate to white settler culture? They assimilated to white settler culture as they adopted colonial farming methods, weaving, and building. The Cherokee also developed a syllabic alphabet for their language, and the entire tribe eventually became literate. Cherokee Phoenix the first Native newspaper in the US. They also adopted a constitution that was based on the US one.

5. Even though they assimilated, they were negatively impacted by expansion - how? The Americans found gold in 1829 that was located on Cherokee land (Georgia), so Americans forced Cherokee to leave their land. Indian Removal act passed in 1830, meant that the Cherokee and other SE Native tribes were forced to move to Oklahoma.

6. Explain Ghost Dance and how it impacted the Sioux. Prophet dreamers from Northern Paiute Indians, NW US 1869, said that the dead would come back soon and drive out the colonists, and restore the land and traditions of Native Americans. Ghost dances were rituals of dance and songs that were meant to bring this event sooner. This ritual spread from Sierra Nevada to the Missouri river, from N Texas to the Canadian border. Reached Sioux by 1890 which coincided with the Sioux revolts. The Sioux warriors wore shirts that were “ghost shirts” This movement ended at wounded knee massacre (1890), marked end of Indian wars

7. Who was Tupac Amaru II - what was his role in refusing imperialism? A hereditary chief in S Peru, descendant from Inca ruler Tupac Amaru, and he took on the name Tupac Amaru II. Identified with Inca heritage even after having Jesuit education. He stood up for what he saw, he had a colonial administrator arrested (1780) and executed for cruelty. Amaru II putting the Colonial in place led to the last general Indian revolt against Spain. The revolt spread to S Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, but then Tupac and his family were captured March 1781

8. What was the result of Mexico’s attempt to overthrow Benito Juarez? Mexican conservatives worked with Napoleon to overthrow liberal government. Benito Juarez. After, European Noble, Archduke Maximillian, wa the emperor of Mexico, but after a few more years of war, the Mexicans forced French to leave Mexico

South Asian Movements

9. Who were the sepoys? How did they help Britain maintain their ownership of India? Indian soldiers that worked for the British. They helped the British keep their ownership of India by helping the armed forces of Britain have larger numbers, as they were the bulk of the army in India.

10. What changed and led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or Sepoy Mutiny? The Muslims and Hindus in India were convinced that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. This happened because the British were using rifle cartridges that were greased with a mix of cow and pig fat, Hindus viewed the cow as sacred, and Muslim refused the slaughter of pigs, so they were both upset.

11. How did Britain change its role in governing India after the mutiny? They changed their role by becoming more active in their ruling of India; they had the Mughal emperor exiled for his involvement in the Sepoy mutiny.

Southeast Asian Resistance

12. Which country was left independent in South Asia? Thailand was left independent in S Asia.

13. How did Vietnam try to resist French rule? Vietnam tried resisting French rule by having Ham Nghi become the emperor, and his advisors critiquing French Rule, his supporters continued to resist the ruling of the French.

14. What began the Philippine Revolution? Why were they upset and why did they expect freedom? Jose Rizal, a wealthy Filipino who had studied in Europe. He started the Liga Filipina, they were loyal to Spain, but the Spanish still were afraid of them so had Rizal arrested and executed. The Philippine Revolution began when there were multiple revolts in provinces all around Manila. They were upset because they had Nationalist ambitions and wanted education. They wanted freedom because of US sympathy for Philippine independence and the rebels expected freedom.

15. How did the Treaty of Paris lead to the Philippine-American War? What was the result? The Treaty of Paris lead to the Philippine-American war because it transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. 4300 Americans died a good chunk of them from diseases, and resistance continued, Philippines belonged to the US until 1946

Resistance in Australia and New Zealand

16. Who were the Aboriginal people? The Aboriginal people are the people who have lived in Australia for 50,000 years, the longest continuing culture on Earth.

17. How was Britain using Australia and New Zealand? Describe the resistance movements that occurred in these locations. Britain was using Australia as a place to send convicts and soldiers to establish colonies in New South Wales. Settlers were instructed by the British to treat the indigenous living there kindly, but the colonial government did not recognize the indigenous land ownership. The indigenous people were not protected by law because they were not considered subjects to Britain. Thousands of the Aboriginal people were killed trying to defend their territory and resources away from the settlers. In New Zealand, the Maori were from Polynesia, and got to New Zealand in the 1300s. The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 was instilled between the Maori and British saying that they’d protect property rights of the Maori. However, the Maori were quickly faced with large British settlement patterns, and the Maori Wars were started. Tensions continued as settlers were asking for Maori lands, and troops were sent to take their lands. War ended with “peace” but Maori already lost most of their land.

African Resistance

18. Explain what Pan-Africanism was and how it connected to resistance to imperialism. Pan-Africanism is a nationalism and identity shared by Western-educated Africans

19. Who were the Xhosa people - why did they kill their cattle? Native people who lived in South Africa did not want to be ruled by any Europeans. They killed their cattle because they were becoming sick and dying, and they believed that if they killed their cattle and crops that the spirits would remove the settlers from their lands.

20. Describe the outcome of the following:

Anglo-Zulu War: Fought between Zulu kingdom in South AFrican coast of Indian Ocean, and started in the favor of Zulus, but the British won and they became part of the British colony in South Africa.

Samory Toure’s War: In west Africa, Mande chieftain Samory led a group of warriors to establish a kingdom in Guinea, he was against the French’s attempts in annexing West Africa, and fought them first in 1883. When Samory was unable to expand his kingdom east, he went to war with the French in 1891. His forces were sent away, tried reestablishing his kingdom in the upper ivory coast, but the French caught him and exiled him in 1898.

Mahdist Revolt: East Africa. Sudanese Islamic cleric named Muhammad Ahmad called himself the guided one who would bring Islam’s glory back. The Sudanese did not like Egyptian rule and the British coming there in 1873 only upset them more, so Ahmad turned this political movement into a religious one. The Mahdists took control of area around the capital, and next year, a British-Egyptian military had a counterattack against Mahdists, and the Mahdists were eventually able to overrun them in 1885, but after Ahmad died june of that year, the movement died out because of fighting among inner rival leaders. The British went back to Sudan and defeated the Mahdists in 1898.

Yaa Asantewaa War: The British tried taking control of the Asante Empire (Ghana now). The British failed four times, the fifth time during the Yaa Asantewaa War, the British Governor wanted the Golden Stool (symbol for national unity), but Yaaa Asantewaa, queen, led the rebellion against the British and 2000 Asante died, 1000 British. British victory in the end, Yaa Asantewaa exiled, and Asante became a part of the Gold Coast colony.