Human Anatomy Practice

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1. What bones form the pectoral girdle?
   Answer: The scapula and clavicle.

2. What is the function of the pectoral girdle in arm movement?
   Answer: It facilitates arm movement and provides muscle attachment points.

3. Is the pectoral girdle a complete or incomplete ring? Why?
   Answer: Incomplete; it does not close posteriorly.

4. What is the shape of the clavicle?
   Answer: Slender and S-shaped.

5. Which end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula?
   Answer: The acromial end.

6. What does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate with?
   Answer: The clavicular notch of the manubrium.

7. Why is the clavicle structurally weak?
   Answer: Its slender structure makes it prone to fractures under compressive forces.

8. What structure on the posterior side of the scapula serves as a prominent ridge?
   Answer: The spine of the scapula.

9. What process forms the point of the shoulder?
   Answer: The acromion process.

10. Where is the coracoid process located, and what is its function?
    Answer: On the anterior side of the scapula; it serves as a muscle attachment point.

11. What is the name of the cavity on the scapula that articulates with the humerus?
    Answer: The glenoid cavity.

12. Which fossa lies superior to the spine of the scapula?
    Answer: The supraspinous fossa.

13. What is the function of the infraspinous fossa?
    Answer: It serves as a muscle attachment site.

14. What borders define the scapula, and where are they located?
    Answer: The superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders.

15. How does the pectoral girdle attach to the thoracic cage?
    Answer: Through the clavicle’s articulation with the manubrium.

16. Which process of the scapula projects anteriorly?
    Answer: The coracoid process.

17. What are the structural differences between the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle?
    Answer: The medial end is rounded, while the lateral end is flat.

18. Why is the glenoid cavity significant in shoulder movement?
    Answer: It articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint.

19. What muscles attach to the spine of the scapula?
    Answer: Trapezius and deltoid muscles.

20. Which part of the scapula connects to the clavicle?
    Answer: The acromion process.

21. What structures provide anterior stability to the pectoral girdle?
    Answer: The clavicle and the muscles attaching to the coracoid process.

22. What happens when the clavicle fractures?
    Answer: The shoulder loses support, causing it to drop downward.

23. Why is the coracoid process important in clinical procedures?
    Answer: It serves as a landmark for certain injections and surgical approaches.

24. Which part of the scapula faces the ribcage?
    Answer: The subscapular fossa.

25. What type of joint is formed at the acromioclavicular articulation?

    Answer: A synovial joint

26. Name the bones of the upper limb.
    Answer: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

27. Which part of the humerus articulates with the scapula?
    Answer: The head of the humerus.

28. What structure separates the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?
    Answer: The intertubercular groove.

29. What is the function of the deltoid tuberosity?
    Answer: It serves as an attachment point for the deltoid muscle.

30. Which humeral structure articulates with the radius?
    Answer: The capitulum.

31. What is the significance of the trochlea of the humerus?
    Answer: It articulates with the ulna.

32. Which part of the ulna forms the elbow?
    Answer: The olecranon process.

33. Where is the radial tuberosity located, and what attaches to it?
    Answer: It is near the proximal end of the radius, and the biceps brachii attaches to it.

34. What is the function of the styloid process of the radius?
    Answer: It stabilizes the wrist joint.

35. Name the notch of the ulna that articulates with the radius.
    Answer: The radial notch.

36. Which is larger proximally, the radius or the ulna?
    Answer: The ulna.

37. What happens during supination of the forearm?
    Answer: The radius rotates laterally around the ulna.

38. Which bone is on the thumb side of the forearm?
    Answer: The radius.

39. What fossa of the humerus accommodates the ulna during elbow extension?
    Answer: The olecranon fossa.

40. How do the radius and ulna articulate distally?
    Answer: The ulnar notch of the radius articulates with the head of the ulna.

41. What is the function of the coronoid fossa of the humerus?
    Answer: It receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion.

42. Why is the surgical neck of the humerus clinically significant?
    Answer: It is prone to fractures and is near major nerves and vessels.

43. Which structure on the radius aids in wrist movement?
    Answer: The styloid process of the radius.

44. What is the role of the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna?
    Answer: It stabilizes the bones and serves as an attachment for muscles.

45. How many bones are in the upper limb, excluding the hand?
    Answer: Three (humerus, radius, ulna).

46. Which bone contributes more to the elbow joint: radius or ulna?
    Answer: The ulna.

47. What muscles attach to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?
    Answer: Rotator cuff muscles.

48. What structures form the elbow joint?
    Answer: The humerus, radius, and ulna.

49. Where is the capitulum located on the humerus: medial or lateral side?
    Answer: Lateral.

50. What type of joint is formed between the radius and carpal bones?
    Answer: A condyloid joint.

51. How many carpal bones are there?
    Answer: Eight.

52. Which carpal bone articulates with the radius?
    Answer: The scaphoid.

53. What is the function of the pisiform bone?
    Answer: It serves as a sesamoid bone, increasing leverage for tendons.

54. Which carpal bones are in the proximal row?
    Answer: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.

55. Name the distal row of carpal bones.
    Answer: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

56. How many phalanges are in the hand?
    Answer: Fourteen.

57. What distinguishes the thumb from other fingers?
    Answer: It has only two phalanges (proximal and distal).

58. Which metacarpal is the shortest?
    Answer: The first metacarpal (thumb).

59. How are the metacarpals numbered?
    Answer: From 1 (thumb) to 5 (pinky), lateral to medial.

60. What type of joint is formed between metacarpals and phalanges?
    Answer: Condyloid joints.

61. What is the largest carpal bone?
    Answer: The capitate.

62. Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured?
    Answer: The scaphoid.

63. What is the clinical significance of the carpal tunnel?
    Answer: Compression of the median nerve here causes carpal tunnel syndrome.

64. What is the hamate bone known for?
    Answer: Its hook-shaped projection.

65. Which ligament connects the carpal bones?
    Answer: The flexor retinaculum.

66. Which digit lacks a middle phalanx?
    Answer: The thumb.

67. What are sesamoid bones, and where are they commonly found in the hand?
    Answer: Bones embedded in tendons; often found near the thumb’s metacarpophalangeal joint.

68. What is the anatomical term for the palm of the hand?
    Answer: Metacarpus.

69. Which bone stabilizes the wrist during movement?
    Answer: The scaphoid.

70. What is the function of the lunate bone?
    Answer: It articulates with the radius and transmits forces from the hand to the forearm.

71. How many joints are in a single finger (except the thumb)?
    Answer: Three (metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints).

72. Which tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?
    Answer: The flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus tendons.

73. Which carpal bone lies closest to the ulnar side of the wrist?
    Answer: The pisiform.

74. Which carpal bones articulate with the base of the metacarpals?
    Answer: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

75. What is the most distal structure of the phalanges?
    Answer: The distal phalanx.

76. Explain the role of the coronoid process and trochlear notch of the ulna during flexion and extension of the elbow.
    Answer: During flexion, the coronoid process fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus, and during extension, the trochlear notch pivots around the trochlea.

77. What sensation is felt when the ulnar nerve is struck at the elbow, and why?
    Answer: A "funny bone" sensation occurs due to compression of the ulnar nerve.