Native American/Indigenous Peoples

• Indigenous-anything (people, plants, etc.) native to any area

First group 

• arctic native americans

• Came from the bering strait from Asia to America

• Inuit (Native Alaskan)-(mostly) anyone indigenous in Alaska

Subarctic-Canada. Alaska

• Personal property (clothing, weapons, etc.)

Eastern-Algonquion band

• Individual tribe

• Fur trade

• Band with individual tribe but similarities

Western-Athabasken

• Common language

• Not a true band

• No band system, but common things such as language

• Hunters, gatherers, fishers

United States 

East coast had 3 major language groups:

Confederacy-groups of people

Algonquion

• Mostly same sub-arctic

• Agricultural based-3 sisters:Squash, beans, corn

• Longhouses

Iroquois

Sioux

• Agriculture-3 sisters:Squash, corn, beans

• Small huts-wigwams

• When outsider attacks, all groups band together

Southeast Indigenous-5 major groups; Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole

• Only domestic animal is dogs:protectors

• Corn was big agriculture

• Lots of game; elk bison, rabbits, deer, birds

• Birds-create certain clothes with feathers, that indicate your status

• Average 500 people per tribe

• Self govern

Northern American Planes

• Sign language use across all tribes

• Some settle, others semi-nomadic

Semi-nomadic 

• Used domesticated horses

• Pattern, go back on annual bases

• Archetype; dress, bio appearance

Southwest

• Completely different geological system than other tribes

• Agriculture-closer to rivers

• Created pueblos

Pueblos-small, little houses, 3 generations (moved in with family of the mother)

• Family is their maternal side, keep family intact

Great Basin

• Tribe decided based if you used the domesticated horse

• Tough to grow agriculture-diet based on hunting smaller animals and legumes (beans)

• Same pattern of great planes-moving on seasonal bases

California

• Don't have a tribal system, all groups have smaller groups called sublets

Sublets-governed themselves, organized

• Get along with each other very well, conflict solved very easily before weapons

• Land was communal except families have exclusive right to its usage

-triblet owns certain boundaries but families get smaller sections to use

-not owned, given a right to use it

• Private property not consistent throughout the tribes

Northwest-some of Canada

• Aquatic based, lots of fishing

• Densely populated tribes

• Certain leaders owned certain rituals, including songs, clothing, etc.

• Slaveholding society (usually children), 

-Consistent with world-slave system

-If you have a special talent and marry a free person, you are free

North American Plateau

• Crosstrade

• Tribes meet and trade with each other here, “trade hub”

• In winter they settle, when temps rose they became semi-nomadic

• No pattern to aggression/conflict

• Grow root based plants

The Dutch-New Netherlands

• There to make money otherwise the mother countries won’t invest so much

Reasons people show up to new Netherlands:

• New land is tax exempt for 10 years

• Dutch allow freedom of religion to a certain point

• Allow areas to self-govern

• Military conflict between the Dutch and English

• You can live your life, but under British rule-terms of surrender

• Stuyvesant is the New Netherland governor, denys term

The French-New France

• Cartier-Takes Montreal in the name of France

• Establishes the fur trade, but fails

• Reliant on Native American tribes around them, reason colony fails at first

• Port Royal becomes self-sufficient

• Monopoly

• Port-Royal becomes in conflict between the Iroquois over fur trade

• Peace talks between France, Iroquois and their allies in 18th century

The Spanish-New Spain

• Florida was once apart of New Spain

• Lead by Viceroyalty-only involved in big problems

• Local governors take care of day to day business

• Viceroyalties capital is modern Mexico City

The English

• Money Religious freedom, economics, Gold God Glory, Land opportunities

Chesapeake

• Jamestown-first permanent English settlement, initially doesn't go well

• Virginia company is the first to go to Virginia, no precious metals

• Settlers realize they can grow things, especially tobacco, tobacco is King 

• Need workforce to grow tobacco, mass workforce to work land-beginning of slave trade

• Virginia becomes its own colony, first house of legislature, Burgesses

New England

• Agriculture is more difficult, but disease is more contained

• Pilgrims show up first before the puritans but don't stay, leave after a decade

• Separatists, don’t believe in the Church of England, but are Christian

• Puritans were conformists, practicing members of the Anglican church

• Protestantism is in the area

• Ran by Massachusetts Bay Company, ran by John Winthrop

• Anglican Church sees the king as head of government and the church

• Group of Puritans break off of Anglicanism and create Rhode Island, want to get away from how normal it was to divorce in the Church of England

Anne Hutchinson believed salvation can come from faith alone

• Heretic-enemy of God

• Anne-Banned to Rhode Island

English Settlement-Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania

• Starts as private property of William Penn, goes back and forth from England and Pennsylvania

• Businesses own the territory of the 13 colonies

• Various groups of protestant Christians-Puritans, Presbyterians (Calvanists), Quakers (Society of Friends)

• Quakers get along with the Native Americans the best because of the area, but generally get along with all 3 groups

• William Penn adds to his land by purchasing land from the Native Americans 

• People run the colonies as small collectives, still how most areas in Pennsylvania are run-4 types of municipalities 

-Cities:run by mayors ex:Philadelphia

-Counties:run by a board of supervisors (plural leadership) ex:York County

-Boroughs:plural leaderships 5,000-10,000

-Townships:plural leadership, rural, population under 5,000

• Struggle in revolutionary war because of the Quakers pacificity

 Southern-Carolinas

• Become involved as a colony through sugar-

-Grown in the Caribbean specifically Barbados

-Slave reliant industry

-Brought to colonies because they are hooked on sugar

-Molasis came from sugar cane, more usable in the colonies since its liquid, dissolves better-used in tea for sweetener

• Carolina is developed during England's change of religious tolerance-looks good for people to go to Carolina since they tolerated religion more (Fundamental Constitution of Carolina)

• North and South split, as well as their industries

-Sugar is still brought to the area

North Carolina 

-Starts their tar industry

South Carolina 

-Becomes the richest colony through their rice industry

-Successful because its shelf stable        

-Slavery starts to show up with the rice industry (labor intensive crop)

Georgia

• Founded as common man's utopia

-Georgia doesn’t allow slavery or rum

• Immigrants come to the area

• Rum is mass produced

• Have problems on the fields because they don't have slave labor, can't keep up with the demand

• Can only get a certain amount of land

-Can’t just show up and take land

-Slows development

• Rules are soon abolished because they can’t keep up with the other colonies

-Slavery appears

-Rum for everyone

-Land is no longer limited

• Since the rules disappear, they become successful in industries

-Rice (not as much as SC)

-Lumber

-Meat

• Start thriving through the labors of others

-Indentured servants

-American slave labor

Indentured Servants

• Someone who is in debt, or contracting a debt (want to move to America so they labor land)

• Contracts for a certain amount of time, rewarded with parts of land, building on land, etc.

• Prisoners become apart of this:parts of America were a penal colony

• Prisoners of the crown could work of their time by going to colonies and work the land, still granted piece of land at the end

American Slave Labor

• Go to plantations where they are needed

Native American Slave

• Conflict based

• Could stay out of slavery by converting to Christianity

• Bacon's Rebellion

-First of the bigger events

• Conflict between Native Americans and farmers

-Involving Bacons workers and his land

-Wants governor to get involved and remove the Native American population, governor refuses since they are apart of the colonies trade system

-Bacon starts massacring the Natives around his territory

-Colony becomes split in terms of whose right: one sides with Bacon, other sides with Natives

-Jamestown is set on fire

-Bacon dies, so all of his allies disperse 

Pequot vs. Colonists-New England

• New England, tit for tat fighting

• Tribe dissolves because they had too many damages

King Philip's War

• Name of the chief of the Native American tribe involved, real name was Metacomet

• Doesn't like how his tribes are being converted to Christianity

• Mettacommets tribe gets massacred

-Any left convert to Christianity, joins another tribe or adopted by another tribe