Flashcards: Reproductive Pathology

Flashcard 1

Front: What species are most commonly affected by uterine prolapse?
Back: Dairy & beef cows, ewes; less frequent in sows.

Flashcard 2

Front: Describe the pathophysiology of uterine prolapse.
Back: The tip of the uterine horn invaginates, leading to prolapse.

Flashcard 3

Front: List three predisposing factors for uterine prolapse.
Back:

1. Excessive traction (dystocia, retained fetal membranes)

2. Uterine atony, hypocalcemia, lack of exercise

3. Grazing estrogenic pastures

Flashcard 4

Front: When does uterine prolapse most commonly occur?
Back: Immediately postpartum when the cervix is open, and the uterus lacks tone.

Flashcard 5

Front: What are key steps in treating uterine prolapse?
Back:

1. Remove placenta, clean endometrial surface

2. Reduce edema with sugar or hypertonic saline

3. Administer epidural anesthetic

4. Carefully replace the uterus while applying steady pressure from the cervix toward uterine horns

Flashcard 6

Front: What are possible complications of untreated uterine prolapse?
Back: Laceration, necrosis, infection, hemorrhage, uterine artery rupture, shock.

Flashcard 7

Front: Which species are most commonly affected by vaginal prolapse?
Back: Cattle and sheep.

Flashcard 8

Front: When does vaginal prolapse typically occur?
Back: In the last trimester of pregnancy.

Flashcard 9

Front: Name three predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse.
Back:

1. Increased intra-abdominal pressure (gravid uterus, fat, rumen distension)

2. Recumbency, lack of exercise, estrogenic exposure

3. Breed predisposition (e.g., Brahman, Hereford, Kerry Hill, Romney Marsh)

Flashcard 10

Front: What are the four grades of vaginal prolapse?
Back:

1. Grade I: Intermittent prolapse (visible when recumbent)

2. Grade II: Continuous prolapse

3. Grade III: Prolapse with bladder/cervix involvement

4. Grade IV: Chronic prolapse with necrosis/infection

Flashcard 11

Front: How is vaginal prolapse treated?
Back: Epidural anesthesia, lavage, lubrication, repositioning, Buhner suture.

Flashcard 12

Front: Define abortion in reproductive pathology.
Back: Termination of pregnancy after organogenesis but before fetal viability.

Flashcard 13

Front: What are two types of pregnancy loss besides abortion?
Back:

1. Early Embryonic Death (pre-organogenesis loss)

2. Stillbirth (full-term, non-viable fetus)

Flashcard 14

Front: Name three non-infectious causes of abortion.
Back:

1. Genetic defects, twinning, heat stress

2. Toxins (Ponderosa pine, moldy sweet clover)

3. Vitamin deficiencies, MLV vaccines

Flashcard 15

Front: Name four infectious causes of abortion.
Back:

1. BVD-V

2. Brucellosis

3. Campylobacteriosis

4. Leptospirosis

Flashcard 16

Front: How is Brucellosis prevented in cattle?
Back: Calfhood RB-51 vaccine, avoiding raw milk.

Flashcard 17

Front: Which abortion-causing disease is transmitted by canines?
Back: Neosporosis (Neospora caninum).

Flashcard 18

Front: What is the primary method of controlling Toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats?
Back: Preventing exposure to cat feces.

Flashcard 19

Front: What protozoan causes Trichomoniasis in cattle?
Back: Tritrichomonas foetus.

Flashcard 20

Front: What zoonotic bacterial infection causes stillbirths and abortion and is linked to hygiene issues?
Back: Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetii).

Flashcard 21

Front: What mycotoxin is associated with reproductive issues, including infertility and embryonic death?
Back: Zearalenone (an estrogenic mycotoxin from Fusarium spp.).

Flashcard 22

Front: How can Zearalenone contamination be prevented?
Back: Feed management and toxin testing.

Flashcard 23

Front: What is the primary cause of prolonged gestation?
Back: Defective hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Flashcard 24

Front: How is prolonged gestation managed?
Back: Induction with corticosteroids or prostaglandins, C-section if necessary.

Flashcard 25

Front: What is the timeframe for diagnosing retained fetal membranes (RFM)?
Back:

• Horses: Retained if not expelled within 3 hours.

• Cattle: Retained if not expelled within 24 hours.

Flashcard 26

Front: Why should retained fetal membranes not be manually removed?
Back: Manual removal can cause trauma and increase the risk of infection.

Flashcard 27

Front: What are the key complications of retained fetal membranes?
Back: Metritis, systemic illness (mastitis, pneumonia, ketosis).

Flashcard 28

Front: Differentiate metritis, endometritis, and pyometra.
Back:

• Metritis: Postpartum bacterial infection of the uterus.

• Endometritis: Chronic uterine inflammation leading to infertility.

• Pyometra: Accumulation of pus in the uterus.

Flashcard 29

Front: What are the primary treatments for metritis, endometritis, and pyometra?
Back:

• Metritis: Antibiotics, supportive care.

• Endometritis: Culture, ultrasound, antibiotic treatment.

• Pyometra: Uterine lavage, antibiotics, prostaglandins.

Flashcard 30

Front: What is Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM), and why is it significant?
Back: Highly contagious bacterial infection causing infertility and mucopurulent discharge; requires strict hygiene control.