PSYCH TEST 2 ( Chapters 7 - 10 )

Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years

Q: What are the motor skills that are developed by age 3?A: Information processing/memory is not accurate (no object permanence).

Q: What are the fine motor skills that are developed by age 4?A: Small body movements like hand and finger movements/grasping.

Q: What are the gross motor skills that are developed by age 5?A: Large body movements.

Q: What is Piaget's stage of cognitive development in the preschool years?A: Preoperational thinking.

Q: What is symbolic function?A: The ability to use symbols/words or objects to represent something that is not physically present.

Q: What is conservation?A: The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

Q: What is egocentric thought?A: Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others.

Q: What is private speech?A: Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.

Q: What is social speech?A: Speech by children that is spoken and directed towards others.

Q: List and describe Early Childhood Centers/types of preschools and daycares.A:

• KEYSTONE STARS: Standards, Training, Assistance, Resources, Support.

• MONTESSORI PRESCHOOLS: Child-centered, the child learns independence.

• REGGIO EMILIA PRESCHOOLS: Hands-on, child has some control, learns to play with and around others.

Q: List and describe 5 fine and gross motor skills in Early Childhood or Middle Childhood.A:

• Fine: Small Muscles - Hands, Fingers

• Gross: Crawling, Running, Jumping - Arms, Legs, Feet, Hands

Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years

Q: What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development that occurs in the preschool years?A: Initiative vs Guilt stage (lasts around age 3 to age 6).

Q: What is gender identity?A: Sense of being male or female (usually happens around age 2).

Q: What is functional play?A: Repetitive gross motor skills.

Q: What is constructive play?A: Manipulative fine motor skills.

Q: What is parallel play?A: Playing with the same toys side by side.

Q: What is onlooker play?A: Watching others play.

Q: What is an Authoritarian parenting style?A: Demanding & rejecting.

Q: What is a permissive parenting style?A: Undemanding/relaxed & accepting.

Q: What is an Authoritative/Supportive parenting style?A: Demanding & accepting.

Q: What is an Uninvolved/Neglectful parenting style?A: Undemanding/relaxed & rejecting.

Q: What is resilience?A: The ability to overcome circumstances no matter how tough.

Q: List and describe 5 types of play in Early Childhood.A:

• Pretend play

• Functional play

• Constructive play

• Parallel play

• Onlooker play

Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Q: What are gross motor activities in Middle Childhood?A: From ages 6-12, children develop skills such as skipping, balancing, exercising, doing jumping jacks, throwing, jumping, and leaping. These skills grow with age.

Q: What are fine motor activities in Middle Childhood?A: Fine motor skills involve more precise movements, typically involving hand-eye coordination, like writing, drawing, or manipulating small objects.

Q: What is visual impairment?A: Visual impairment refers to any condition that affects a child's ability to see properly. This could include conditions like blindness, astigmatism, blurred vision, or any other issue affecting eyesight.

Q: What is hearing impairment and the most common speech impairment?A: Hearing impairment refers to any degree of hearing loss. The most common speech impairment in children is stuttering.

Q: What are specific learning disorders and their frequency?A: Specific learning disorders are difficulties in acquiring and using listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical skills. Examples include ADHD and dyslexia.

Q: What is Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?A: The zone of proximal development refers to tasks that are too difficult for a child to complete independently but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement. Examples include learning new vocabulary or math skills.

Q: What is Piaget's stage of Cognitive Development?A: During middle childhood (ages 7-12), children enter the concrete operational stage, where they begin to use logical thinking in more concrete situations.

Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Q: What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development in Middle Childhood?A: Industry vs Inferiority.

Q: What is self-concept and how does it change?A: The perception of one's self (it always changes based on our everyday actions).

Q: What is a blended family and what are the roles within the family?A: A remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them. The roles within the family are to be decided by said family.

Q: What cultures have a strong sense of multi-generations/extended families?A: Any family that has strong roots in their family tree and culture, an example would be Hispanic individuals who continue to celebrate and remember the past of their loved ones.

Q: What is emotional intelligence?A: Examples: empathy, caring, friendships, and social skills.

Q: List and define Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development, or his 6 stages.A: Not provided in the notes.

Q: List and define Carol Gilligan's stages of morality for women.A:

• Preconventional: Individual survival

• Conventional: Self-sacrifice is goodness

• Postconventional: Principle of nonviolence: Do not hurt others or self