Unit 1:

- Aristocrat: A member of the highest social class, usually with wealth and power.

- Astrolabe: An ancient tool used to measure the position of stars and planets.

- Aztec: A Native American civilization that lived in central Mexico before Spanish colonization.

- Columbian Exchange: The exchange of goods, people, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world after Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492.

- Encomienda: A Spanish system where settlers were given land and Native American workers to care for them in exchange for protection and Christian teaching.

- Pueblo: A Native American group that lived in the Southwestern United States, known for their adobe homes.

- Renaissance: A period of great cultural and intellectual growth in Europe, starting in the 14th century, focusing on art, science, and humanism.

- Requerimiento: A Spanish declaration used during colonization demanding that Native Americans accept Spanish rule and Christianity.

- Spanish Caste System: A system in colonial Spain and its colonies that ranked people based on race and ethnicity (e.g., Europeans, mixed races, and Native Americans).

- Tenochtitlan: The capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on what is now Mexico City.

- Three Sisters: A farming technique used by Native Americans, where corn, beans, and squash are grown together to support each other.

---

Unit 2:

- Mercantilism: An economic theory that says a country's power depends on its wealth, which should be increased by trading and controlling colonies.

- Navigation Acts: Laws passed by England that controlled trade between England and its colonies.

- Powhatan Confederacy: A group of Native American tribes in Virginia that were led by Powhatan, known for their interactions with early English settlers.

- Protestant Reformation: A movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

- Redemptioner: A person who worked for a period of time (often 4-7 years) in exchange for passage to America.

- Seditious: Inciting rebellion or protest against the authority of the government.

- Slave Code: Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved Africans and denied them basic rights.

- Stono Rebellion: A 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina where slaves tried to escape to Florida.

- Subsistence: The minimum resources needed for survival, such as food, shelter, and water.

- Veto: The power to reject or block a decision or proposal.

---

Unit 3:

- Alien and Sedition Acts: Laws passed in 1798 that allowed the government to deport foreigners and punish critics of the government.

- Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the U.S., which created a weak national government.

- Coercive Acts: A series of laws passed by Britain in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, also known as the "Intolerable Acts."

- Continental Congress: A meeting of representatives from the 13 colonies during the American Revolution to make decisions about the war and independence.

- Democratic-Republican: A political party in the early U.S. that believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and limited federal government power (founded by Thomas Jefferson).

- Daughters of Liberty: A group of women in the colonies who protested British policies and supported independence.

- Dunmore’s Proclamation: A 1775 declaration by the British governor of Virginia offering freedom to enslaved people who joined the British army.

- Electoral College: A system used to elect the U.S. president, where electors from each state vote based on the people’s choice.

- Naturalization: The process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen of a country.

- Northwest Ordinance: A law passed in 1787 that provided a process for admitting new states from the Northwest Territory (modern-day Midwest).

- Proclamation Line of 1763: A British law that forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

- Quartering Act: A British law that required American colonists to house British soldiers.

- Quebec Act: A 1774 law that expanded Quebec’s territory and allowed religious freedom to Catholics, angering American colonists.

- Second Continental Congress: A meeting of colonial leaders in 1775, which organized the war effort and eventually declared independence.

- Virginia and Kentucky Resolves: Resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison arguing that states could ignore or nullify federal laws they found unconstitutional.

---

Unit 4:

Abolitionist: A person who fought to end slavery.

Alamo: A historic battle in 1836 in Texas where a small group of Americans fought and died against Mexican forces.

American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS): An organization founded in 1833 to promote the abolition of slavery in the U.S.

American System: A plan proposed by Henry Clay to improve the U.S. economy through tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements (like roads and canals).

Amistad: A famous 1839 case involving a ship where African slaves revolted and were later freed by the U.S. Supreme Court.

- Barbary: Refers to the Barbary Coast of North Africa, where pirates harassed American ships in the early 19th century.

- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: An 1831 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Cherokee Nation sought to protect their lands, but the court ruled they had no standing to sue.

- “Corrupt bargain”: A term used by Andrew Jackson’s supporters to describe the 1824 presidential election, where John Quincy Adams was elected after a deal with Henry Clay.

- Cult of Domesticity: A belief in the 19th century that a woman's role was to be a homemaker and caretaker of the family.

- Democratic Party: A major U.S. political party, founded in the 1820s, that advocates for social equality and progressive policies.

- Embargo Act: A law passed in 1807 that banned U.S. trade with foreign countries, meant to punish Britain and France but hurt the U.S. economy.

- Force Bill: A 1833 law that gave President Andrew Jackson the power to use military force to enforce federal tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.

- Hudson River Movement: A 19th-century art movement focused on landscapes, particularly those around the Hudson River in New York.

- Marbury v. Madison: A landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.