UNIT 3 AP GOV VOCAB

. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954: Racial segregation in schools violates the equal protection clause of the 14^th amendment.

2. Civil liberties: personal freedoms, e.g., speech, assembly, religion

3. Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibits discrimination in voting, schools, public spaces, and government programs.

4. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010: Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment

5. De facto segregation: segregation “by fact”, segregation that results from factors like housing patterns rather than law.

6. De jure segregation: segregation by law, segregation that is required by government

7. Due process clause: prohibits the national government (5^th amendment) and states (14^th amendment) from denying life, liberty, or property.

8. Engle v. Vitale, 1962: School Support of religious activities violates the  establishment clause.

9. Equal protection clause: 14^th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination.

10.   Establishment Clause: provision of Amendment 1 that prohibits Congress from establishing an official state religion. This is the basis for separation of church and state.

11.   Exclusionary rule: Supreme Court guideline that excludes the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

12.   Free exercise clause: provision of Amendment 1 stating that Congress may not prohibit the free exercise of religion.

13.   Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963: Guaranteed right to a lawyer for people who cannot afford one.

14.   Grand jury: determines whether or not to bring criminal charges against a suspect.

15.   Habeas Corpus: Constitutional right of suspects to know charges against them and to see evidence

16.   Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Martin Luther King Outlined justifications for civil disobedience (non-violent resistance).

17.   Indictment: grand jury order that a suspect must stand trial for a criminal offense.

18.   McDonald v. Chicago, 2010: Applied 2^nd Amendment (right to bear arms) to the states.

19.   Miranda Warnings: warnings that must be read to suspects prior to questioning. Suspects must be advised that they have the rights of silence and counsel.

20.   New York Times Co. v. United States, 1971: Usually cannot impose prior restraint against press. Strengthened freedom of the press.

21.   Plea Bargain: arrangement in which a suspect pleads guilty to a lesser offense in order to avoid a trial. Most cases end with a plea bargain.

22.   Prior restraint: When a court stops speech or a printed story before it is made. This is unconstitutional.

23.   Roe v. Wade, 1973: Woman’s decision to have an abortion is protected by right to privacy.

24.   Schenck v. United States, 1919: Speech which creates a ‘clear and present danger’ is not protected by the first amendment.

25.   Sedition: encouraging overthrow of the government.

26.   Selective Incorporation: States were allowed to gradually adopt the Bill of Rights over a long period of time. Applied through the 14^th Amendment

27.   Separate but equal: Supreme Court doctrine established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. Allowed state-required racial segregation in public places as long as the facilities were equal.

28.   Strict scrutiny: Supreme Court guideline for determining if government can make racial distinctions. According to this guideline, such distinctions are highly suspect and are allowed only if they are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest.

29.   Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District: public school students are allowed to engage in symbolic speech as a form of protest.

30.   Wisconsin v. Yoder, 1972: Requiring Ahmish students to attend school after 8^th grade violates free exercise clause.