Hypotensive side/ priapism effect from antipsychotic	Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade
Constipation/ dry mouth side effect from antipsychotic (smooth muscle)	M3 receptor blockade
Sedation side effect (+ a bit of weight gain)	H1 receptor antagonism
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome from antipsychotic/ Irregular period	D2 receptor blockade
Weight gain side effect	5HT2C receptor antagonism *mirtazapine
Sexual dysfunction from SSRI	5-HT2C receptor agonism *Mirtazapine 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (treatment as adjunct)
Gastrointestinal side effects	5-HT3 receptor agonism
Sexual arousal	cGMP (neuromediator)




Tiagabine (anticonvulsant)	Inhibition of GAT-1 (inhibitor of GABA uptake)
Caffeine	Adenosine receptors
Carbamazepine	Prolonged sodium and calcium channel activation
Topiramate	Inhibition of kainate mediated conductance at AMPA glutamate receptor
Valproate	Against Carnitine metabolism - depletes
Lamotrigine	Rash
Methadone	Preference in pregnancy
Lofexidine	used to help with the physical symptoms of opioid withdrawal; treat HTN
Naltrexone	Alcohol dependence prevention - selective competitive antagonist at mu opioid receptors
Acamprosate	GABA-like drug that acts on the same glutamatergic NMDA receptor system affected by chronic alcohol use
Oxazepam	Preferred choice in cirrhosis
Buprenorphine	Partial opioid agonist acting at the mu opioid receptors Reduces cravings for heroine
Clozapine	Serotonin dopamine agonist with rapid dissociation from D2 Treatment for tardive dyskinesia (sensitive to striatal dopamine receptors) Greater risk of seizure above 600 (effective 250 - 550)

Inverse agonist	Opposite reaction to full agonist
Partial agonist	Buspirone - 5HT1A partial agonist Aripiprazole - partial dopamine agonist Buprenorphine - partial opioid agonist
Second messenger system	Lithium
Allosteric modulator/ non-competitive antagonist	Binds to a receptor at a site distinct from active site
GABA receptor	Post-synaptic nerve terminal, ligand gated ion channel/ inotropic receptor
NMDA receptor (glutamate)	Excitatory neurotransmitter; activates ligand gated ion channel
Muscarinic receptors	G-coupled protein receptors involved in the parasympathetic nervous system
Partial nicotinic agonist E.g. varenicline (Chantix)	Enhance cognition of schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
Corticotropin releasing factor	Excessively found in depression
Orexin	neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and autonomic functions in the brain. Found more in narcolepsy
BDNF	neurotransmitter modulator, and participates in neuronal plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory.
Amisulpride	D2/D3 antagonists Raclopride SPECT
Norepinephrine	Located in locus coeruleus (upper dorsolateral pontine tegmentum) Major role in arousal, attention and stress response

Recall bias	Cases and control recall differently
Rumination bias/ Search for meaning	People with disease will think harder about their prior exposures than disease free people
Attrition bias	selective dropout of some participants who systematically differ from those who remain in the study E.g. cannabis use drop out quicker than schizophrenia
Berkson’s bias	when hospital controls are used in a case-control study - more likely sampling bias
Neyman bias	a selection bias where the very sick or very well (or both) are erroneously excluded from a study E.g. people smoking dies early thus difficult to see the correlation with Alzehimer
Selection bias	the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved
OCD side effects	5HT1D stimulation

















Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)	Reward system/ addiction - dopaminergic neurons Neurons rich in dopamine project from this area to the nigrostriatal pathway When doing nothing, dopamine neurons in VTA activated and projected to nucleus accumbens -> increased dopamine in NA = mesolimbic pathway
Anterior Cingulate Function	Detection of errors, anticipation/ preparation before task performance, regulation of emotions
Hippocampus	Memory
Amygdala	emotions/ emotional behaviour/ motivation
Lateral geniculate nucleus	Part of thalamus Involved in visual processing
Medial geniculate nucleus	Involved in auditory processing
Ventromedial thalamus	Satiety and hunger
Lateral nucleus hypothalamus	Hunger and thirst
Hypothalamus	Laughing seizure
Orbitofrontal cortex	Disinhibited/ impulsive
Medial frontal cortex	Akinetic mutism
Dorsolateral cortex	Deficits in executive function (frontodemporal)
Thalamus	Sensory/ pain
Inferior olivary nuclues (of cerebellum)	Finger to nose test

Subcortical leukoencephalopathy/ white matter hyperintensities	Associated with late life depression A small vessel vascular dementia
Schizophrenia	Reduced phospholipids
Anxiety	Increased activity in insula and amygdala
Mood disorder	Medial pre frontal cortex dysfunction
Autism	Increased brain volume/ cortical surface area
Eating disorder	Increase in 5-HT1a (stress/ anti-aggression) and decrease in 5-HT2a (active coping/ cognitive flexibility)
OCPD - anankastic
HSE abnormalities	Spike and slow or periodic sharp wave patterns over temporal lobes/ diffuse slowing delta waves
Subacute Sclerosing Pan Encephalitis (SSPE)	Periodic high amplitude delta waves
Absence seizures	Generalised 3Hz spike and wave complexes

Anti-NMDA encephalitis	Associated with ovarian tumours
Neurosyphilis	Foot drops, absent light pupil reflex CSF VDRL
Huntington	Dysphoria (poor mood), ataxia, tremor SPECT - caudate and putamen hypometabolism
Hyperprolactinaemia/ prolactinoma	MRI Sella Turcica
Multiple sclerosis	Confusion, asymmetrical lateral gaze, ataxia, numbness FLAIR (more sensitive than T2) - detection of periventricular plaques MRI T2 weighted - hyperintense lesions
vCJD	MRI Pulvinar nuclei of thalamus - high intensity signal bilaterally
Alzheimer	Dopamine transporter scan - differentiates from Lewy Body Major cholinergic site involved in cerebral cortex - Nucleus basalis of Meynert (reduced in Alzheimer)
Parkinson	Hypokinesia
Lewy body	Asymmetric resting tremor
Kluver Bucy Syndrome	Bilateral lesions of anterior temporal lobe Visual agnosia, excessive oral tendency, hypermetamorphosis, loss of normal fear response, hypersexuality, changes in eating behaviour

Persecutory spiral	If the therapist himself feels persecuted by the patient and 'responds by overt and covert attack'

Senile chorea	Gradual onset of generalised and symmetric chorea with slow progression
Parkinson’s disease	Associated with SSRI use
Tardive dyskinesia	Orobuccolingual, truncal, appendicular/ limbs, choreiform movements (writhing movements)
Tardive dystonia	Sustained stereotyped muscle spasms of twisting or turning character (e.g. blinking, cramping of foot, pulling of neck) Treatment: dopamine depleting agents (amantadine, tetrabenazine)
Tardive akathisia	inner sense of restlessness or unease
Hemiballismus	Swinging movements - sub thalamic nucleus

Rapid eye movement sleep disorder	REM Active arousal during sleep associated with vocalisation/ complex motor behaviours Clonazepam effective mirtazapine/ venlafaxine can worsen L-Dopa for RBD associated w PD
Restless leg syndrome	Treatment Dopaminergic agents (Pramiprexole, Ropinirole, bromocriptine, Ldopa-Carbidopa) Anticonvulsants (Gabapentin, pregabalin) Clonazepam Clonidine (Alpha 2agonists)

Wernicke’s aphasia/ receptive aphasia	Impaired comprehension, normal speech, repetition impaired
Broca’s aphasia	Unable to speak fluently, repetition impaired Premotor cortex
Conduction aphasia	Comprehension intact and normal speech Repetition impaired
Transcortical motor aphasia	Wernicke’s + normal repetition, prominent echolalia
Anosognosia	Lack of awareness of disease
Hemiasomatognosia	Feels like one side of limbs missing Involvement of parietal lobe
Associative visual agnosia	Perception intact but does not recognise the object (the purpose)

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