Paranoid Schizoid, Schizotypal PD.pptx

Paranoid Personality Disorder Overview

• Course: Abnormal psychology, taught by Dr. Sam Galvez at the College of Psychology SISC.

Main Beliefs About Personality Disorders (Barlow, p.448)

• Paranoid: I cannot trust people.

• Schizoid: Relationships are messy and undesirable.

• Schizotypal: It’s better to be isolated from others.

• Histrionic: People are there to serve or admire me.

• Narcissistic: Since I am special, I deserve special rules.

Additional Personality Disorders and Their Main Beliefs (Barlow, p.448)

• Borderline: I deserve to be punished.

• Antisocial: I am entitled to break rules.

• Avoidant: If people knew the "real" me, they will reject me.

• Dependent: I need people to survive and be happy.

• Obsessive-Compulsive: People should do better, try harder.

Diagnostic Criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder (DSM-5, p.649)

• Definition: A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness where others’ motives are viewed as malevolent.

• Symptoms include:

  • Pervasive distrust beginning by early adulthood.

  • Present in a variety of contexts.

Diagnostic Criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder (301.0 - F60.0)

• A minimum of four of the following:

  1. Suspects others without sufficient basis are exploiting or deceiving them.

  2. Preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty of friends.

  3. Reluctant to confide in others due to unwarranted fears.

  4. Bears grudges and is unforgiving of slights.

  5. Perceives attacks on character that aren't apparent to others.

  6. Quick to react with anger or counterattack.

  7. Has recurrent suspicions regarding the fidelity of spouse or partner.

  8. Tendency to interpret others' actions as hostile and self-reference.

Characteristics of Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Individuals display hypersensitivity and general mistrust of others.

• May read threatening meanings into benign events.

• Typically act guarded, secretive, and cold, missing tender feelings.

• Often display labile affectivity, with hostility and sarcasm being predominant.

• Their suspicious nature may provoke hostility from others, reinforcing paranoia.

Causes of Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Increased prevalence in those with relatives suffering from schizophrenia.

• Behaviors may arise from specific life circumstances that are misdiagnosed.

• Early childhood trauma and adverse environments can contribute.

• Mood disorders like anxiety and depression may exacerbate symptoms.

• Isolation and stressful environments increase vulnerability.

Prevalence

• Estimates suggest a prevalence of 2.3% to 4.4% in the population.

Development and Course

• Symptoms may appear in childhood/adolescence, characterized by:

  • Social withdrawal, anxiety, poor peer relationships, and underachievement.

  • May display hypersensitivity and eccentric language or fantasies.

Risk and Prognostic Factors

• Higher prevalence in individuals related to those with schizophrenia.

Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues

• Certain behaviors may be misdiagnosed as paranoid due to cultural context.

• Members of minority groups may display defensive behaviors due to unfamiliarity or perceived neglect.

Differential Diagnosis

• Separate from disorders like delusional disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder featuring psychotic symptoms.

• Considered in conjunction with other mental disorders or conditions affecting personality.

Schizoid Personality Disorder (Overview)

• Characterized by detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression.

Diagnostic Criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder (301.20)

• Criteria include:

  1. No desire for close relationships.

  2. Prefers solitary activities.

  3. Lack of interest in sexual experiences.

  4. Pleasure in few activities.

  5. Little interest in praise or criticism.

  6. Emotional coldness or detachment.

Prevalence and Course of Schizoid Personality Disorder

• Prevalence is around 3.1% to 4.9%. Symptoms typically start in late childhood or adolescence, with reports of social isolation and underachievement.

Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues of Schizoid Disorder

• Cultural background may lead to misinterpretation of symptoms as schizoid.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder (Overview)

• Features significant social deficits, magical thinking, and eccentric behaviors.

Diagnostic Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder (301.22)

• Symptoms must include five or more:

  • Ideas of reference.

  • Odd beliefs or magical thinking.

  • Unusual perceptual experiences.

  • Odd speech/thought patterns.

  • Suspiciousness/paranoid ideation.

Associated Features of Schizotypal Disorder

• Individuals may seek treatment for anxiety/depression rather than personality traits.

• May experience transient psychotic episodes under stress.

Prevalence and Course of Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Estimates of prevalence range from 0.6% to 4.6%, with lower rates in clinical settings.

Gender-Related Issues in Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Slightly more common in males.