Untitled Flashcards Set

In mitosis, what is the relationship between the number of chromosomes in a parent cell and the daughter cell?

1. same number of chromosomes

2. same DNA

(1)nucleolus (2)nucleus (3)ribosomes (5)rough ER  (6)golgi body/apparatus (7)microtubule/filament    (8)smooth ER (9)mitochondria (11)cytoplasm (13)centrosomes (14)cell membrane

What are the steps in the light-dependent reaction?

1. light absorption, atp synthesis, NADPH, ATP

What are the structures of the chloroplast?

1. only in plants, photosynthesis, own DNA, stroma-grana-thylakoids, double membrane

what is the structure of mitochondria

1. mitochondria: powerhouse of cell, cellular respiration, own ribosomes, own DNA, double membrane, intermembrane space(accumulate proteins), inner membrane(electron transport chain), cristae(highly folded), outer membrane(contains transport proteins for making pyruvate), matrix(has enzymes,suitable pH for Krebs)

What bond do we find in water molecules?

1. polar, covalent

Why is the bond of water in molecules important?

1. cohesion, adhesion, solubility

2. oxygen pulls on electrons closer due to unequal sharing

(1)cytoplasm (2)nucleus (3)cell membrane (4)cell wall (5)mitochondria (6)vacuole (7)chloroplast

What are pigments?

1. molecule that absorbs light and has a color

Explain the location of the light-dependent reaction.

1. thylakoids

what is the process of the light dependent reactions

1. electrons excited by light, move on ETC, water becomes oxygen(accepts hydrogen), ADP->ATP, NADP+->NADPH from energy released in hydrogen concentration gradient

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?

1. products of one are reactants of the other and vice versa

What are spindle fibers

protein structure in cell that are important for the division of genetic material in a cell

why are spindle fibers important

1. attach in metaphase, pull in anaphase

Define a scientific theory.

1. well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situationsand phenomena. Examples of scientific theories include the theory of evolution and the germ theory of disease.

Describe how an amino acid’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics affect protein folding.

1. hydrophobic: fold towards center

2. hydrophilic: move outwardly away from center

What is homeostasis?

1. ability to regulate cells

What moves in osmosis? How does it move?

1. water through aquaporin

What is the structure of a phospholipid? How does the structure relate to membrane formation?

1. polar, hydrophobic—>outside

2. nonpolar, hydrophilic—> inside

What is the atomic number? What is the atomic mass? How does this relate to the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom?

1. number: # in top right corner (# of protons)

2. mass: # in bottom middle (# of protons + neutrons)

3. # of protons=# of neutrons=#electrons

4. isotope(different # of neutrons)

What is active transport? Describe the types that you know.

1. movement of substances through cell membrane using energy

2. primary, secondary, endocytosis, exocytosis

How is mitosis between animal and plants cells different?

1. furrow(animals) vs. cell wall(plants) formation to split cells into two

What are external regulators of the cell cycle?

1. proteins that respond to events outside the cell

Why won’t normal cells overgrow their space?

1. well-functioning cell cycle checkpoints

What is the purpose of oxygen in photosynthesis? In cellular respiration?

1. product(photosynthesis), reactant(cellular respiration)

What is the gas byproduct of photosynthesis

1. oxygen

where is the gas product of phtotosynthesis produced

1. thylakoid—>atmosphere

when is the gas product of photosynthesis produced During the daytime when sunlight is available, as chlorophyll captures light energy to facilitate the process.

1. when: light dependent stage

Compare diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

1. movement of substances/molecules through cell membrane

Describe the progression of stages for cellular respiration.

1. glycolysis, bridge reaction/pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, ETC/oxidative phosphorylation

What are the characteristics of a cell membrane?

1. made of phospholipids, flexible, strong barrier, protects/supports cell, regulates what enters/leave

What are the eight characteristics of life

1. responds to the environment, homeostasis, heredity, energy, evolution, reproduce, growth,organized cells

Why do cells divide?

1. to replace old cells and continue functioning 

List the electron carriers.

NADPH (photosynthesis), NAD+, FAD (respiration)

Why are electron carriers important in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

1. transfer energy (respiration)

What subatomic particles are in an atom’s nucleus?

1. neutrons, protons

What is outside of the nucleus?

1. electrons

Where does light dependent of photosynthesis occur?

1. thylakoid

Where does light independent of photosynthesis occur?

1. stroma

How does enzymes affect activation energy?

1. reduce activation energy, makes process easier and shorter

True and false- molecules are constantly moving.

1. True

Why is this important for cellular transport? (molecules moving)

1. to absorb nutrients, eliminate/get rid of waste

Describe the pH scale- consider H+ and OH- concentrations. What values are acidic/basic?

1. -7: acidic +7:basic 7: neutral

2. H+ > OH- : acidic H+ < OH- : basic

What are the three most common atoms to bond with carbon. (Know their chemical symbol)

1. oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), hydrogen(H)

How is an enzyme’s shape important?

1. allows it to fit into active site to fit th substrate

What can cause an enzyme shape to change?

1. will change due to temperature, pH, salinity

How is the structure of the 20 amino acids the same

1. same: carbonyl group/amino acid

How is the structure of the 20 amino acids the different

1. different: R group

What is facilitated diffusion?

1. diffusion that occurs without energy to move substances using proteins

When might we see facilitated diffusion

1. to move glucose, sodium, potassium

Where does the carbon in carbohydrate come from?

1. carbon dioxide

What are histones?

1. group of protein found in chromatin

Why are histones important?

1. control genes

What is a null hypothesis? Give an example of one.

1. a hypothesis that predicts no change in results 

2. “The soap will have no effect on plant growth”

What is the independent variable?

1. factor that is changed

What is the dependent variable?

1. factor that is tested

What macromolecule make channels, carriers, and pumps in a cell membrane?

1. proteins

What organelles are the same in plant and animal cells?

mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, plasma membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm

What organelles are the different in plant and animal cells?

1. different: chloroplast, cell wall(plant), lysosome(animal)

What is an experiment?

1. a procedure used to test a hypothesis

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

1. theory: well tested explanation

2. hypothesis: tentative scientific explanation that can be tested

Which of the three subatomic particles is important for bonding?

1. electron

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

1. to create food for the plant

what are ionic bonds

1. ionic: transfer electrons

what are covalent bonds

1. they share electrons

What is the ETC?

1. electron transport chain

Why do chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division?

1. so DNA from the old cell is replaced with the same DNA and function in the new/duplicated cell

Examples of prokaryotes

1. bacteria/archaea

examples of eukaryeotes

1. plants/animals

What is the control group

no value is changes

what is an expirimental group

1. one value is changed

What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

1. products: oxygen, glucose reactants: CO2, water, energy (photosynthesis)

2. products: CO2, water, energy reactants: oxygen, glucose (cellular respiration)

How is a concentration gradient of H+ created to fuel ATP production?

1. ATP synthase, hydrogen released through ETC

In a chemical reaction equation, what do call the items on the left side. How about the right side?

1. left: reactants right: products

What are the three parts of cell theory?

1. all cells come from other cells

2. unit of structure and function

3. all living things are made of cells

When does fermentation happen?

1. after glycolysis if no oxygen

What are the two main types of fermentation

1. alcoholic: bread lactic: yogurt

Describe the structure of ATP and how energy is released.

1. triphosphate (nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, phosphate group)

2. when phosphate bond broken through hydrolysis

List the monomers and their respective polymers for the four macromolecules.

1. protein= amino acids

2. carbohydrate= monosaccharide

3. lipid= not true polymer

4. nucleotide= nucleic acid

Describe the job of the lysosome, nucleus, ribosome, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membrane in a cell.

1. recycles damaged organelles

describe the job of nucleus

1. holds/stores genetic information(DNA)

describe the job of ribosome, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membrane in a cell

1. makes proteins

describe the job of smooth er

1. fats, poisons

describe the job of rough er

1. helps with protein synthesis

describe the job of the cell membrane

1. protects, supports, regulates

how does tempurature affect the rate of photosynthesis? Describe the effect.

1. slow process, will increase till certain point then decrease

how does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis? Describe the effect.

1. increase until saturated

how does CO2 affect the rate of photosynthesis? Describe the effect.

1. increase until max point

how does water affect the rate of photosynthesis? Describe the effect.

1. water: less water means a slow or no process

Why do plants appear green?

1. chlorophyll a (pigments)

What does the structure of glucose, amino acid, lipids, and nucleotides look like?

1. six carbon molecule

what does the structure of amino acid look like

1. amino acid group + R group

what does the structure of lipds look like

1. polar head, two nonpolar tails

what does the structure of nucleotides look like

1. phosphate group, nitrogenous base

How is water created in cellular respiration?

1. Accepting of hydrogen atoms by oxygen after ATP synthase (ETC)

What is fermentation? Know the pathways and products.

1. process of breaking down glucose after glycolysis without oxygen

2. alcohol/lactic acid

3. products: lactic acid, ethanol, CO2, energy

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, how will the water move?

1. into the cell

How is the DNA different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

1. pro: membrane bound eu: stored in nucleus

Describe the details of Krebs cycle- location

1. mitochondria

describe the inputs of the Krebs cycle

1. pyruvic acid (acetyl CoA)

describe the outputs of the Krebs cycle

1. CO2, ATP, 3NADH, FADH2

How are proteins made?

1. amino acids in ribosome

What is the shared purpose of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

1. convert energy into different forms

What are lipids and describe their function in body?

1. type of fat

2. function: long-term energy, membrane bilateral, hormones

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

1. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

How is endocytosis different from exocytosis?

1. endo: into the cell

2. exo: out of the cell

What happens when control on the cell cycle breaks down

1. cancer

 Describe the allocation of charges and the location/movement of electrons in a polar molecule.

1. Uneven charge, electronegativity

2. electrons move towards oxygen or more electronegative atom

How are the properties of a chemical product compared to its constituent element properties?

1. different forms of matter

2. ex: water=H + O (gas+gas=water)

3. salt= sodium + chloride (solid+gas=solid)

What is a buffer?

1. solution that resists pH change

Describe interphase stage of the cell cycle.

1. duplicating

Describe Prohase stage of the cell cycle.

1. nucleus disappears

Describe metaphase stage of the cell cycle.

1. chromosomes line up in middle, spindle fibers attach

Describe anaphase stage of the cell cycle.

1. Anaphase= spindle fibers pull apart

Describe Telophase stage of the cell cycle.

1. furrow forms

Describe cytokinesis stage of the cell cycle.

1. cell about to split, nucleus forming