Key Documents

The Declaration of Independence ( 1776)

• Justified the American Revolution.

• Argued for natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness).

• Established the idea of popular sovereignty.

The articles of confederation (1781)

• First as government; weak national structure.

• No power to tax or regulate commerce.

• Led to Shay's rebellion, showing its weakness.

The US constitution (1787)

• Replaced the articles of confederation.

• Established federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances.

• Includes the Bill of rights and amendments.

Federalists no. 1 ( James Madison)

• Defended a large republic.

• Argued that factions (interest groups) are best controlled in a large republic.

Brutus No. 1

• Anti-federalist argument against the constitution.

• Feared a large republic would erode personal liberties.

• Advocate for smaller, localized government.

Federalist No. 51 (James Madison)

• Argued for separation of powers and checks and balances.

• Explained how each branch of government would prevent tyranny.

Federalist No. 70 (Alexander Hamilton)

• Advocated for a strong, single executive.

• Argued a president must be able to act quickly and decisively.

Federalist No. 78 (Alexander Hamilton)

• Explained the importance of an independent judiciary.

• Introduced the idea of judiciary review.

Letter from Birmingham jail (Martin Luther king Jr.)

• Defended civil disobedience.

• Called for immediate action against racial injustice.

• Connected to the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.