Cells Unit Test Study Guide

1. Parts of a microscope

Part	Functions as in like that but
arm	The side of the microscope is used to support it when it is carried
Base	The bottom part of the option save poomicroscope
Body	Connects the eyepiece to the objectives
Course adjustment knob	Moves the stage up and down to help you get the specimen into view, only low or medium-power
diaphragm	It enables you to adjust the amount of light that reaches the specimen
Eyepiece	It allows you to view the image on the stage and contains the ocular lens
Fine adjustment knob	Moves the stage slightly to help you sharpen or fine-tune your view of the specimen. only high power
Mirror lights	Projects light upwards to allow you to see the specimen
Nosepiece	Holds the objective lenses and can rotate to change magnification
Objective lenses	Found on the nosepiece and range from low to high power
Stage	Part of the microscope that supports the slide that is being viewed
Stage clips	Used to hold a slide in place on the stage

2. Characteristics of living things

List and explain the 6 characteristics of living things.

1. Living things grow in size, reproduce, and can repair themselves

- plants and animals increase in size as they grow older

- living things produce offspring

- living things repair worn or injured parts

2. Living things require energy

- plants get their energy from sunlight

- animals eat plants, other animals, or both to get their energy

3. Living things respond to changes in their environment

- animals try to escape from predators

- plants grow roots in the direction of moist soil

4. Living things have a lifespan

- living things have a life cycle

5. Living things produce waste

- living things produce unusable or unwanted materials that they release to the

external environment as waste

6. All living things are made up of at least one CELL

- the cell is the basic structural unit of life

- some organisms, such as bacteria, are made up of only one cell. These are

called UNICELLULAR organisms.

- other organisms, like humans, are made up of trillions of cells. These are called

MULTICELLULAR organisms

Give real life examples showing how each of these characteristics displays themselves in living organisms real-life

Humans getting taller
Humans sleep at night to get energy
Sunflowers turn wherever the sun goes
Humans dying
humans going to the bathroom to poop
Bacteria being one cell

3. The Cell Theory

What are the three main ideas in the cell theory?

All organisms are made of tiny cells
Cells are the units of structure and are the base of living things

Living cells come only from other living cells

4. Classifying Organisms

Organism Group	Description	Example
plants	Multicellular Use photosynthesis to create food	Trees and flowers
animals	Multicellular 2 types of animals: Vertebrates: animals with a backbone invertebrates: animals without a backbone In general, there are more invertebrates than vertebrates	Vertebrates: Deer Human Invertebrates: Spider Crab
fungi	Fungi are organisms that usually obtain nutrients by absorbing them from dead or decaying matter They can NOT carry photosynthesis MOST are multicellular but some are unicellular	Mushrooms Yeast to make bread
protists	Protists are a group of organisms Can be unicellular or multicellular Usually found in or near water Some protists make food Others get food from the environment	Volvox Amoeba paramecium
bacteria	Bacteria are a group of organisms Unicellular Some live in bacterial colonies (groups) Do NOT have a nucleus	E coli

Explain why it is important for scientists to classify organisms.

i think it is important for scientists to classify organisms because many different organisms work in many different ways and even have different kinds of cell. For example, animals, have a cell wall, meanwhile, animals don’t, and that cell wall can change how the entire experiment works.

5. Parts of plant and animal cells

Organelle	Function	Animal, Plant or Both
Cell Membrane	A thin covering that holds all the organelles inside the cell Food moves into the cells through the membrane and waste moves out Acts like a security guard by controlling what can enter and exit the cell	Both
Cytoplasm	A jelly-like substance that supports the organelles within a cell Materials can be transported through the cytoplasm	both
Nucleus Chromosomes	The “brain” of the cell The nucleus controls what happens inside the cell Surrounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes: Chromosomes carry information the cell needs to function They also carry information the cell needs to reproduce Chromosomes hold genetic information	both
Vacuole	Sac-like organelle that stores excess food, waste, and other substances Plant cells have much longer vacuoles than animals have many smaller vacuoles	both (exist differently)
Mitochondria	These are the powerhouses of the cell They break down food and release their stored energy	Both
Ribosomes	Ribosomes help make proteins in a protien called “protein synthesis”	Both
Endoplasmic Reticulum	The folded organelle that makes proteins	Both
Golgi Apparatus	“Amazon delivery truck” A folded organelle that combines proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum and delivers it to the rest of the cell and outside that cell	both
Cell Wall	Surrounds the cell membrane Provides an extra layer of support and protection Materials pass in and out of the cell through small pores in the cell wall	Plant only
Chloroplast Chlorophyll	Chloroplasts use energy from the sunlight to make food for the plants through photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll: A green chemical that captures sunlight for the chloroplast Chlorophyll is the reason why many plants are green	Plant only

6. Cell Organization

Cell - the building block of all living things

Tissue - a group of specialized cells in an organism that have similar structure and function

Organ - two or more tissues that work together for a specific function

Organ system - organs working together to form an organ system

Organisms - animals and plants that contain tissues, organs, and organ systems

7. Organ Systems - know the basic of all 6, but know 2 well!

a) System name - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Function of System - Transports nutrients, dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), and wastes to and from individual cells in the organism

Organs of the system - Heart, Veins/ arteries, Blood vessels

Tissue of the system - Nerve, connective, epithelial and muscle tissue

b) System name - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Function of System - Helps inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide and Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments

Organs of the system - Lungs, Diaphragm, Trachea/ windpipe, Nose and larynx

Tissue of the system - Nerve, connective, muscle, epithelial

c) System name - DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Function of System - Breaks down food into small particles, called nutrients and Transported by the circulatory system to all cells in the body

Organs of the system - Small intestine, Liver, Pancreas, Stomach, Large intestine

Tissue of the system - Nerve, epithelial, connective, muscle

d) System name - MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Function of System - Helps us to be able to move around and Provides form, support, stability and movement for our bodies to move from place to place. Also protects our internal structures from the outside environment

Organs of the system - bones

Tissue of the system - Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective

e) System name - NERVOUS SYSTEM

Function of System - Sends and receives messages through the body and controls behaviour and movement. Coordinates the function of all other organ systems

Organs of the system - Brain, sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth), spinal cord

Tissue of the system - Epithelial, nerve and connective

f) System name - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Function of System - Regulates the amount of hormone being secreted by the glands to keep our body at a healthy level

Organs of the system - pituitary gland, pancreas- secretes hormones, thyroid glands also secrete hormones, hypothalamus

Tissue of the system - epithelial, nerve and connective