3.1

• Material culture: physical objects that hold significance to individuals or society as a whole

• Non-material culture: intangible elements of culture such as individuals ideas, beliefs, etc

• Subculture: group of people within a larger society or culture who share a distinct set of beliefs that are diff. from main culture (ex. School has culture and subculture are different grades)

• Modern culture: typically originates in economically developed regions or countries, spreads through hierarchical diffusion and is diverse

• Folk culture: more homogenous and diffuses through relocation diffusion, places emphasis on community and family & religion play central role in daily life, aims to preserve trad. practice

• Indigenous culture: strong emphasis on community and trad. values, with unique language, etc that are passed down through generations

• Ethnocentrism: practice of judging culture  by standards of their own culture - may lead to neg. stereotypes or general misunderstanding (ex. “My culture is best”)

• Cultural relativism: practice of judging culture by its own standards (ex. “Every culture is equal”)

3.2

• Cultural landscape: visible human modifications of natural environment

• Traditional architecture: incorporates local culture and resources of area into design

• Modern architecture: focuses on function over design

• Postmodern architecture: incorporates local culture into design

• Sequent occupancy: how different people, cultures, etc have left their mark on geographic location over time

• Built environment: human-made physical surroundings in area, all the constructed human-made features of a place

3.3

• Sense of place: strong emotional connection to an area - can be influenced by surroundings

• Placelessness: when place doesn’t invoke strong response from an individual due to place lacking unique characteristics and identity

• Placemaking: process of community coming together and transforming public space for diff. activities or events - promotes community and social interaction between people (ex. Comm. gardens)

• Centripetal forces: aspects of society that bring people together

• Centrifugal forces: aspects in society that divide people and push them apart

3.4

• Relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion

• Hearth: location where something originates

• Relocation diffusion: physical movement of a culture or group of ppl from one place to another (ex. Amish)

• Expansion diffusion: spread of cultural trait or group of ppl from one place to another through person-to-person contact

  • Contagious diffusion: where spread of cultural traits happens in almost all directions w/o regard to other cultural factors (ex. meme)

  • Hierarchical diffusion: spread happens through systems that typically center around some form of power - follows structure (ex. Fashion trends)

    • Reverse Hierarchical diffusion: when diffusion starts at the bottom of power structure and spreads upwards (Ex. tattoos)

• Stimulus diffusion: when idea, trait, etc. spreads from one culture or place to another but the original trait is adapted to better fit local culture (ex. Diff. McDonalds around the world)

3.5

• Lingua franca: common language used by individuals whose native language is difficult (Ex. English)

• Creolization: process of 2 cultures/languages coming together to create a new third culture/language (trad. due to colonization)

• Creole language: a language that forms from the blending of two or more languages

• Diaspora: dispersion of any ppl from their original homeland (often bc of forced migration)

3.6

• Diffusion due to globalization - often hierarchical diffusion

• Time-space convergence: reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another 

• Results in disappearance to many folk cultures

• Cultural divergence: when individuals become separated from diff. Aspects of their culture (may lead ppl to abandon certain cultural traits)

• Cultural convergence: when diff. cultures merge together to form one mass culture, often times in from of a modern or global culture

3.7

• Universalizing religions: religions that seek to appeal to all ppl and spread their teachings and beliefs to as many ppl as possible (ex. Christianity, Islam, Buddhismm, Sikhism)

• Abrahamic religions: Christianity, Islam, Judaism

• Christianity - diffused mainly through missionaries

• Islam - diffused through conquest, trade and missionary work

  • Shia: accept descents of Muhammad’s son in law Ali as the true rulers of Islam

  • Sunni: accept first 4 caliphs as rightful successors Muhammad and leaders of the faith

• Buddhism - diffused due to relocation diffusion from missionaries relocating to diff areas as well as trade routes

• Sikhism - relocation diffusion but limited

• Ethnic Religions: religions primarily centered around specific cultural or ethnic groups and often stay in one location, don’t try to convert other ppl - often through relocation diffusion

• Hinduism - stimulus diffusion and migration/relocation diffusion

• Judaism - 3 main branches, considers Israels as homeland

• Dialects: regional variances that occur in form of language based on local culture

• Isogloss: distinct boundary defined by linguistic differences

3.8

• Assimilation, acculturation, syncretism, multiculturalism