Laboratory Manual

Page 1: Title Page

• School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

• Course: Chemistry and Materials Science Laboratory

• Academic Year: 2025

Page 2: (Blank)

Page 3: Contents

• Note: Labs delivered this semester are available under the Subject resources page/Canvas.

• General Lab Rules (pg. 1)

• Laboratory Assessments (pg. 3)

• LAB 1: Physical properties of Materials (pg. 4)

• LAB 2: Chemical Reactions (pg. 13)

• LAB 3: Solution making and titration (pg. 29)

• LAB 4: Mechanical Properties (pg. 36)

• LAB 5: Metallic Corrosion (pg. 46)

• LAB 6: Phase Equilibrium Diagrams (pg. 57)

• LAB 7: Heat treatments of steels and Metals Processing (pg. 65)

• Appendices (pg. 73)

• Periodic table (pg. 73)

• Safety procedures and rules (pg. 74)

Page 4: General Lab Rules

• Consult Faculty of Science safety procedures (details at the end).

• Each student must complete a lab safety quiz before participating.

• Students must only enter labs with a demonstrator present.

• Mandatory safety gear: safety glasses, lab coat, covered shoes, and long pants.

• No food, drinks, or smoking in labs.

• Report equipment failure and safety concerns immediately.

• Keep lab benches uncluttered and aisles clear for safety.

• Understand instructions before starting any experiments.

• Follow written lab procedures; unauthorized experiments are prohibited.

Page 5: General Lab Rules (continued)

• Maintain undivided attention during lab activities; no music or entertainment devices.

• Report all accidents, no matter how minor.

• Familiarize yourself with safety & first-aid equipment locations.

• Always leave the lab area clean and wash hands before leaving.

Page 6: Laboratory Assessments

• Complete the lab safety quiz for entry.

• Attendance marked during lab sessions, late entry not permitted.

• Assessment via in-class submission and online submission via Canvas.

• In-class marks provided the following week.

• Assessment Weight: 40% for Assessment Task 1.

• Must achieve 50% on Assessment Task 1 to pass.

• Late submission follows Faculty of Science guidelines.

• Essential steps include completing safety quiz, wearing PPE, and timely submissions.

Page 7: LAB 1: Physical Properties of Materials

• Safety: Wear safety glasses, lab coat, covered shoes, and long pants.

• Purpose: Introduce basic materials properties.

• Learning Outcomes: Understand material categories, density, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, stiffness, and electrical conductivity.

Background on Material Properties

• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE): Amount material expands/contracts when temperature changes, expressed as length/length/°C.

• Thermal Conductivity: Ability of a material to conduct heat, denoted by κ (Wm−1K−1).

• Density: Mass per unit volume, calculated as Density (ρ) = mass/volume.

• Electrical Conductivity: The reciprocal of resistivity; measured in S/m.

Page 8: Experiment 1: Understanding Thermal Properties

• Conduct tests on four different materials to determine CTE, thermal conductivity, density, and electrical conductivity, recording observations and results.

Measurements:

• Thermal Expansion: Measure length changes.

• Thermal Conductivity: Keep track of time vs temperature changes in rods.

• Density: Measure volume and calculate density for given samples.

• Electrical Conductivity: Use LCR meter for conductivity measurements.

Page 9: Continued Measurements for Electrical Conductivity

• Part I: Measure resistivity for aluminum and steel rods using automatic LCR meter and convert to conductivity.

• Part II: Conduct measurements for glass and perspex using LCR meter at specified frequency.

Page 10: Electrical Conductivity Measurements Conclusion

• Convert readings from the LCR meter to find conductivity. Formulas/Methodology provided in the lab guidelines.

• Stiffness: Measure how much material elastically deforms under load.

Page 11: Stiffness Testing Procedures

• Gather data on deflections under tested loads and check for yield vs elastic behavior.

• Yield Strength: Key engineering stress to consider in designs, measured by determining stiffness modulus.

Page 12: Results for Physical Properties Experiment

• Collect and analyze data on CTE, conductivity, density, and stiffness from measurements. It's crucial to graph results for visual confirmation of trends.

Page 13: LAB 2: Chemical Reactions

• Purpose: Perform and observe chemical reactions, learning to name reactants and products.

• Safety Procedures: Safety attire is a must. Familiarize with SDS for used chemicals.

Page 14: Hazardous Chemicals

• Sodium Hydroxide 0.1M Solution: Irritating and must be handled with care. Report all health-related issues.

• Copper Sulfate 0.05-0.5M Solution: Store safely, may cause allergic reactions.

Page 15: Chemical Reaction Types

• Evidence of Reactions: Formation of gas, solids (precipitates), color changes, or temperature shifts.

• Classification of Reactions: Combination, decomposition, neutralization, precipitation, and gas-forming reactions.

Page 16: Observation Examples

• Specific examples will be noted in actual lab sheets during experimentation.

Page 17: Commonly Occurring Ions

• List of cations and anions provided, essential for understanding reactions involving ionic compounds.

• Example reactions for synthesis and decomposition illustrating basic principles.

Page 24: Safety Procedures and Rules

• In-depth safety regulations for lab sessions, environment responsibility, and understanding safety data sheets.

• Personal protective equipment protocols.

• Emergency reporting and cleanup protocols.

Page 25: Materials for Experiments

• List of 0.1 M chemical solutions for use during labs.

Page 26-31: Experiment Steps Continues

• Structured methodological instructions on conducting various experiments including observations, balanced equations, and data recording.

Page 32-70: Further Labs and Experiments (LAB 3, LAB 4...)

• Lessons and experiments progressively detailed, focusing on properties, safety, and processes involved in materials science and chemistry.

Page 76-79: Appendices and Reference

• Tables: Periodic table and safety procedural guidelines for all labs.