1. Which of the following best describes the focus of structuralism in psychology? a) How behavior helps us adapt to our environment.
   b) The study of observable behavior.
   c) The structure of the mind and the basic elements of consciousness.
   d) The unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.

2. What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology? a) Observable behavior and its reinforcement.
   b) The processes of thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
   c) The brain’s structure and function.
   d) The influence of cultural norms on behavior.

3. Which of the following research methods involves studying the same individuals over an extended period of time? a) Cross-sectional study
   b) Longitudinal study
   c) Experimental study
   d) Case study

4. According to Piaget, which cognitive stage involves the understanding of object permanence? a) Preoperational
   b) Sensorimotor
   c) Concrete operational
   d) Formal operational

5. In the context of sleep, which stage is most crucial for physical restoration and recovery? a) N1 (Light Sleep)
   b) N2
   c) N3 (Deep Sleep)
   d) REM Sleep

6. Which brain structure is primarily responsible for processing sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate areas of the brain? a) Hippocampus
   b) Amygdala
   c) Thalamus
   d) Cerebellum

7. Which neurotransmitter is most strongly associated with mood regulation, and its imbalance is linked to depression? a) Dopamine
   b) Serotonin
   c) Glutamate
   d) Acetylcholine

8. Which of the following best describes Erikson’s stage of 'Generativity vs. Stagnation'? a) Developing a sense of self in adolescence.
   b) The ability to form intimate relationships in young adulthood.
   c) Contributing to society and future generations in middle adulthood.
   d) Seeking to understand life and meaning in late adulthood.

9. Which type of receptor detects light in the eye and is responsible for color vision? a) Rods
   b) Cones
   c) Mechanoreceptors
   d) Photoreceptors

10. What is neuroplasticity? a) The brain’s ability to maintain its structure over time.
    b) The ability of the brain to change and reorganize itself in response to experience.
    c) The process by which neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
    d) The creation of new neurons in the brain.

Short-Answer Questions

11. Explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

12. According to Vygotsky, what is the ‘Zone of Proximal Development’? How is it relevant to learning?

13. Describe the concept of ‘perceptual set’ and provide an example.

14. How does Piaget’s concept of ‘accommodation’ differ from ‘assimilation’? Provide an example for each.

15. What are the main stages of sleep, and how do they contribute to physical and mental health?

Scenario-Based Questions

16. Scenario: A child has been raised in an authoritarian household where their parents impose strict rules without much warmth or flexibility. The child seems to struggle with self-esteem and often feels anxious around authority figures.

• (a) How would you explain this child’s behavior using the concept of attachment theory?

• (b) Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is most relevant to understanding this child’s development, and why?

• (c) What kind of long-term social and emotional outcomes might this child experience in adolescence and adulthood?

17. Scenario: A study is being conducted to understand how sleep deprivation affects cognitive performance. Participants are kept awake for 24 hours and then tested on memory recall, attention, and problem-solving tasks.

• (a) How does sleep deprivation likely affect cognitive performance, based on the stages of sleep and their functions?

• (b) What are some of the biological mechanisms (e.g., circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters) that contribute to the effects of sleep deprivation?

• (c) If the study were to measure brain activity, which brain regions would likely be involved in memory and attention, and how might they show up on an fMRI?

18. Scenario: A researcher is conducting an experiment on the role of genes and environment in intelligence. They have a set of identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different environments.

• (a) What research design would you recommend to study the interaction of nature and nurture in the development of intelligence? Why?

• (b) How would you explain the concept of epigenetics in this scenario, and what impact might it have on the twins’ cognitive abilities?

• (c) How might the biopsychosocial approach help you understand the outcomes of this experiment?

19. Scenario: A participant in an experiment has been exposed to continuous loud noises for a week. Afterward, they report experiencing heightened sensitivity to sound and difficulty concentrating.

• (a) How might this situation relate to the concept of sensory adaptation?

• (b) What role do the auditory system and the brain play in processing and adapting to stimuli like sound? Which brain areas might be affected by this constant exposure?

• (c) Based on the neural communication process, how would the brain’s processing of sound stimuli be altered due to the prolonged exposure?

20. Scenario: A 60-year-old man visits you for counseling after feeling a sense of stagnation in his career and personal life. He expresses concerns about his lack of contribution to society and the future.

• (a) Which of Erikson’s stages is this man experiencing, and how does his sense of stagnation relate to this stage?

• (b) How might cognitive and emotional factors like memory, problem-solving, and social relationships play a role in his experience of this crisis?

• (c) What would be some strategies to help him navigate this stage of life and foster a sense of generativity?

Essay Question

21. Essay: Discuss the relationship between nature and nurture in human development. How do genetic inheritance and environmental influences interact in shaping a person’s behavior, cognitive abilities, and emotional well-being throughout the lifespan? Use examples from the biopsychosocial approach, epigenetics, and research on intelligence to support your answer.