industrial manufacturing techniques

• continues process

• batch process

production of aspirin

• ethyl ethanoate and aspirin are produced by a batch process in industry

• in a chemical plant large quantities of reactants are brought together in a reactor during which time the product is produced

• after a certain time the reactor is emptied and the product is separated from the reaction mixture and purified

• the product is then dried and packaged

• esters and their manufacture

  • these have the functional group -COO-

  • they have the name -yl- anote eg methyl methoate

  • both R groups form part of the same

  

esters

• esters are useful products

• used as solvents

• making polyesters

• fruit smells are due to the presence of esters

• ethyl ethanoate is used in glue and nail polish removers

• ethyl ethanoate is used to remove caffeine from tea and coffee

manufacture

• made by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid

• concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst

• the reaction is slow and reversable

• CH₃CH₂OH + CH₃COOH → CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ + H₂O

• in industry the ester is made in a batch process

• ethanol and ethanoic acid are added to a large reaction vessel together with the catalyst

• the reaction mixture is heated

• water produced during the rection is removed by distillation

• yields of up to 95% are possible

• other methods

  • Tishchenko reaction

  • liquid phase oxidation of butane

  • alkylation ethanoic acid with ethene (Avada process)

testing methods and techniques

• boiling point determination

• boiling point of pure substances are known very accurately and are listed in databases and books

• the purity of a sample can be determined by comparing the boiling point of the sample to the actual value

• boiling point occurs when the intermolecular bonds are broken

• the greater the difference the more impurities are present

• distillation can be used to determine boiling point

• all values for boiling points are given as standard temperature and pressure