Mt #2 Review

Exam Structure

• Format: Multiple choice and extended response questions

• Number of Questions:

  • Multiple Choice:

    • 28 total questions

    • One bonus question

  • Extended Response:

    • 5 to 7 questions, around 4 points each

    • Choice between 3 questions, select 2 to answer

• Scoring:

  • All questions have equal weighting

  • Extended responses should fit into half a page excluding prompt

Unit Overlap

• Concepts from Units 1-3 may appear in Units 4-5:

  • Techniques from previous units may need to be explained

  • Membrane concepts from Unit 2 (e.g., transmembrane proteins)

  • Endoplasmic reticulum terminology from Unit 3 may help with Unit 4 topics

Key Terminology for Unit 4 and 5

• Unit 4 Concepts:

  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis:

    • Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, micropinocytosis

    • Early and late endosomes, multivesicular bodies, autophagy

    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis (be familiar with mechanisms)

  • Major Organelles:

    • Lysosome:

      • Hydrolytic enzymes involved and importance of acidic environment

      • Role of phosphotransferases and connection to I-cell disease

    • Golgi Apparatus:

      • Structural and functional understanding (cis, medial, trans compartments)

  • Carbohydrate Remodeling:

    • Glycosylation processes (O-linked vs. N-linked)

    • Purpose and sensitivity to enzymes

  • Secretion Types:

    • Constitutive vs. regulated secretion

  • Vesicular Transport:

    • Types of coated vesicles (clathrin, COPI, COPII)

    • Mechanisms of vesicular trafficking with adaptins and phosphoinositides

  • Molecular Switches:

    • Understanding GTP/GDP dynamics in protein function

Unit 5 Focus Areas

• Mitochondria:

  • Structure (endosymbiotic theory) and functions

  • Electron Transport Chain:

    • Understanding electron movement, mobile electron carriers, and the proton motive force

    • Concepts of ATP synthesis using ATP synthase

  • Regulatory Control:

    • Importance of uncoupling and mechanisms involved

  • Mitochondrial DNA:

    • Features, inheritance patterns, and maintenance

    • Relation to diseases without detailed pathogenesis covered

Important Mechanisms and Applications

• Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis:

  • Focus on LDL uptake, transferrin, and epidermal growth factor

  • Applications regarding hypercholesterolemia

  • Connection to viral entry methods

• Fluorescent Labeling Techniques:

  • Use of Mitotracker Red for mitochondrial dynamics

  • Consideration of density gradient centrifugation concepts (most dense areas)

Study Recommendations

• Review slides specifically related to each unit's key concepts

• Practice extended response formats to get used to constraints

• Understand mechanisms thoroughly to apply in various biological contexts

• Look back on notes from Units 1-3 that pertain to protein trafficking, cell membrane dynamics, and vesicular transport.