Untitled Flashcards Set

Module 10: Expansion, Exploration, and Encounters 

Lesson 1: The Mughal Empire in India 

1. Mughal Empire:  from 1526 to 1857, powerful dynasty in India known for cultural achievements, architectural masterpieces, and religious tolerance, but gradually declined due to internal strife + British colonial expansion. 

2. Akbar the Great: Mughal emperor of India in 1556-1605. Continued policy of conquest put in place under Bairim Khan. Enlarged empire to nearly all Indian peninsula north of Godavari River 

Lesson 3: China and Japan Reject Expansion 

1. Ming Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644 

2. Tokugawa Shogunate: dynasty of shoguns that ruled Japan from 1603-1867 

Module 11: Absolute Monarchs in Europe 

Lesson 1: Spain's Empire and European Absolutism 

1. Phillip I|: King of Spain (1556-1598), Naples (1554-1598) & Protugal (1580-1598). Led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestant. Defeated by England + Neatherlands.  

2. absolute monarchs: king or queen who had unlimited power + tried to control all aspects of society 

3. Divine Right: idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth + answerable only to God 

Lesson 2: The Reign of Louis XIV 

1. Rene Descartes: French philosopher + mathematician, best known for statement "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), became modern philosophy + development of Cartesian coordinates in math 

2. Louis XIV: King of France from 1643 to 1715, renowned for his absolute monarchy, lavish court at Versailles, and centralization of royal power. 

3. Mercantilism: economic theory that believed a country's wealth + power was best increased by accumulating gold + silver through positive balance of trade + strict government regulation. 

4. Palace of Versailles: opulent royal residence built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarchy and featuring stunning architecture, extensive gardens, and grand halls like the Hall of Mirrors. 

5. War of Spanish Succession: European conflict fought over who should succeed to the Spanish throne, with a coalition of powers opposing the union of France and Spain under the Bourbon family, ultimately resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht and the establishment of a balance of power in Europe. 

Lesson 4: Absolute Rulers of Russia 

1. Ivan the Terrible: (1530-1584) Grand Duke of Russia + first Russian ruler to assume title of  (monarch) instituted campaign of terror against disfavored boyars (Russian aristocrats). Killed his son so there was no heir to throne 

2. Peter the Great: Czar of Russia from 1682-1725. Transformed Russia into modern state. Absolute monarch + brought ways of Western Europe to Russia + made various reforms.  

3. westernization: adoption of social, political + economic institutions of Western-especially Europe of American countries 

Lesson 5: Parliament limits the English Monarchy 

1. James | (Stuart): first Stuart king of England, ruled from 1603 to 1625 and is best known for authoring the King James Bible and his struggles with Parliament over royal authority, which contributed to tensions leading to the English Civil War. 

2. Charles I: King of England + Scotland + Ireland from 1625-1649; conflict with Parliament started English Civil War. Killed in 1649 

3. English Civil War: 1642-1649 when Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England’s monarchy 

4. Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector of England in 1642; led Parliament forces in deposing King Charles I; became ruler of England in 1653 

5. Glorious Revolution: bloodless overthrow of English king James II + his replacement: William and Mary 

6. English Bill of Rights: landmark document that limited the powers of the monarchy, affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and laid the foundation for modern constitutional democracy by protecting individual rights such as freedom of speech and protection from cruel and unusual punishment. 

7. constitution: fundamental set of principles or laws that outlines the structure, powers, and duties of a government, as well as the rights of its citizens. 

Module 12: Enlightenment and Revolution 

Lesson 1: Luther Leads the Reformation 

1. Nicolaus Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, challenging the geocentric view that dominated medieval science. 

2. heliocentric theory: idea that earth + other planets revlove around the sun 

3. Scientific Revolution: major change in European thought, starting in mid-1500s with study of natural world began to be characterized by careful observation + questioning of accepted beliefs 

4. Francis Bacon: English philosopher and statesman, known for developing the empirical method and laying the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry through his promotion of inductive reasoning and experimentation. 

5. Isaac Newton: English mathematician + natural philosopher; he discovered law of gravity+ laws of physics on objects  

Lesson 2: Enlightenment Thinkers 

1. Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher, best known for his work Leviathan (1651), where he argued that in the absence of a strong central authority, human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," advocating for absolute monarchy as the solution to maintain order. 

2. social contract: agreement by which people define + limit their individual rights that creates an organized society or government 

3. John Locke: English philosopher known for his political theories during the Enlightenment. Wrote Two Treaties of Government where he declared that people have a right to rebel aginst governments that do not protect their rights  

4. Philosophes: group of social thinkers in France druing Enlightenment 

5. Rationalism: Enlightenment thinkers belief that truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking 

6. Voltaire: French philosopher + author; supported deism (idea that Gof was no longer involved with the universe after creating it) Advocated a tolerant approach to religion  

7. Baron de Montesquieu French political philosopher during Enlightenment, explored democratic theories of government. Proposedgovernmentt divided into 3 branches. Ideas are reflected in US Constitution.  

8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Swiss-French political philosopher; valued social contract + addressed nature of man in book: On the Origin of Inequality 

Lesson 3: The Enlightenment Spreads 

1. Diderot: French philosopher and writer, best known as the chief editor of the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive work that aimed to compile and disseminate knowledge while promoting Enlightenment ideals of reason, secularism, and progress. 

2. salon: social gathering of intellectuals + artists like those held in homes of wealthy women in Paris + other parts of Europe during Enlightenment.  

3. Baroque style: grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music + architecture in 1600s + early 1700s 

4. "enlightened despots": 18^th-century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to ruly justly + respect the rights of subjects 

5. Frederick the Great: King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, was a military strategist, reformer, and Enlightened absolutist who expanded Prussia's territory and modernized its bureaucracy while promoting religious tolerance and legal reform. 

 Practice Questions Marked Wrong  

By the 1600's, the island of St. Dominque imported_________ enslaved people per year to work on its plantations. 

40,000 

During the 16th - 18th centuries, European kingdoms were expanding and claiming colonies overseas. At the same time the ___________, feudal warlords who ruled Japan, cut off all ties with outside world + refused to trade with most European kingdoms. 

Tokugawa Shoguns (daimyo) 

French thinker wrote lot of sharp, witty criticisms of French absolute monarchs. most famous work: Candide. Book attacked war, religious persecution, policies of Europe’s absolute monarchs, and Christianity as being nothing but a “dangerous superstition,” showing that Enlightenment ideas were not always faith friendly 

Voltaire 

French thinker wrote study of how governments work in 1748. called Spirit of Laws. Book talks about how republic is the best form of government for protecting people’s freedom. Says that power of government should be divided between different groups to prevent corruption—basic idea of “separation of powers” found in U.S. Constitution.  

Baron de Montesquieu 

Beginning in the 1500's, the Scientific Revolution was characterized by a reliance on _____________________ as the most important ways to understand the world. 
observation and experimentation 

A major social/cultural impact of mercantilism was 

the spread of Christianity across the globe. 

In China, the powerful emperor Zhu Di, also known as Emperor Chengzu, was the most powerful ruler of the ______________. Ruling from 1403-1424, he moved the imperial capital to Beijing, rebuilt parts of the Great Wall, and sent a massive navy overseas to explore new lands. After his death, China isolated itself from the rest of the world for a few hundred years. 

Ming dynasty 

Which company was granted a charter in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I? 

The East India Company 

This French writer is famous for his book, The Social Contract (1762).  In his book, he argues that laws and governments are only good as long as they are working for the “General Will” of the people.  He believed that governments are evil, but they work best when they try to protect the freedom of individuals.  His ideas probably did the most to spark the French Revolution.  ____________ 

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

How did the British government respond to the actions of the East India Company after the Bengal famine?  

They implemented the 1773 Regulating Act