Just-world phenomenon - good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people

Altruism - the unselfish regard for others, doing the right thing just because it is the right thing to do

Aggression - behavior that is intended to inflict harm(physical or mental) on others

Frustration Aggression Principle/Hypothesis - When a goal of ours is blocked, we get frustrated, and we become more likely to become aggressive

• Playing a board game with a sibling, the loser gets mad, and the loser turns to aggression with insults and violence

Bystander Effect - The more people there are, the less likely we are to help out and do the right thing

Reciprocity Norm - If I do something nice for you, I expect you not to harm me in return

Social Loafing - the tendency for when people are in a group, they will put less effort into reaching the common goal - ALSO USES DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY TO JUSTIFY THIS

Social Exchange Theory - a theory that our social behavior is an exchange process where we aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs like donating blood(benefits: helping people, feeling good; costs: health problems)

Conflict - when two or more people/groups have incompatible ideas, actions, or goals

Social Trap - a situation where both sides pursue their own interests, instead of cooperating and working together - which leads to mutually destructive behavior

Fundamental Attribution Error: judging a person without having the full picture regarding what else is going on or what the situation exactly is; For example: We made an internal judgment about the photographer who took a photo instead of helping when he actually did and we didn’t realize the external factor

Diffusion of Responsibility - The more people around, the more we can diffuse the responsibility and leave it to others

• Example: Someone drops something in the hallway during the passing period, and everyone leaves it on everyone else: “I’m sure someone will help them” or “I’m sure their friend will help”

• Example: If there are only two people in the hallway and one drops stuff, the other person will immediately come and help

• Diffusion of Responsibility CAUSES Bystander Effect

Deindividuation - the more people that are around, the more we lose our personal identity, much more likely to be aggressive

• Basically, we’re less likely to be caught in a very very large group

• But when we get singled out we would never think about doing stuff like this

• Group Size can make us do horrific things or do wrong things

Social Responsibility Norm - the expectation that if someone needs help, another person will give it

Philip Zimbardo - Stanford Prison Simulation Experiment - CONTROVERSIAL - “what we do, we eventually become”

Solomon Asch - vision test with line experiment to test and experiment on CONFORMITY

Stanley Milgram - electric shock test to learn about OBEDIENCE - learner, teacher, and experimenter, ordered people to shock “learners”(actors) if they got an answer wrong

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon - first getting one to agree for something small, in hopes that you will comply for something larger

• $25,000 for carpet cleaning machine for entire house - WILL NOT WORK

• Offering to do it for free for one carpet in one room and then choosing the price later - WILL WORK

• More Examples: Free trial is used in many companies, then the price is raised little by little and you keep complying

Reciprocity - Exchange for mutual benefit --- if I do something for you, you are more likely to return the favor

• One would be more willing to let someone do something if they have done the same to you

  • More likely to reciprocate, comply

• If we start the interaction we are more likely to reciprocate, more likely to agree

Conformity - GOING ALONG WITH THE CROWD, yielding to peer pressure (Solomon Asch)

• “If all your friends go and jump off a cliff, will you do it too?”

Obedience - behaving as instructed even though you don’t want to (Stanley Milgram)

Group Think - BAD - TO PRESERVE HARMONY in the group, one or other people agree to an enthusiastic idea even if it is horrible and can lead to future problems

Social Facilitation - When we do something we are good at in front of a lot of people, we do it in an even better way AND when we do something we are okay at in front of a lot of people, we do it worse

Ingroup vs.Outgroup Phenomenon - ingroup is the group you are in, outgroup is the rest of people/groups - you are biased towards ingroup and its members compared with the outgroup