RENAISSANCE

• civic humanism - idea that education should prepare leaders to achieve in civic affairs

• Francis Petrarch - father of humanism

• humanism - emphasized human beings, achievements, interests, capabilities

• individualism - personality, uniqueness, genius, full development of capabilities

  • Renaissance = individuals wanted success + showcase their talents

• Florence - ruled by medici family

  • got rich off trade (basically a mafia)

  • banking empire that were even popes

• Italy run by different oligarchies

  • group of wealthy people that lead the gov

• cottage industry - textile (cloth) work done by peasants in their homes

• inner city warfare in Italy - no city wanted any other city getting too strong

• linear perspective and geometry used in art

Protestant / Catholic Reformation

• john Wycliffe - stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection

• Luther posted 95 thesis criticizing church reforms especially Tetzel’s selling indulgences

• pope excommunicated Luther after publishing theology of reform

• Diet of worms

  • Charles V demands Luther apologize → Luther refused

  • Edict of Worm - Luther is outlawed

  • Luther is protected by Frederick III of Saxony

• Luther appealed to social classes:

  • all classes could be believers, independence from catholic emperor and indulgences, access to the vernacular bible, economic reform supported by Luther’s message

• German Peasant Wars

  • peasants blamed lords for land seizure and taxes

  • found biblical support for their demands and Luther supported the peasants at first

  • Luther then proceeded to turn against the peasants saying that they were acting evil

• Calvinism

  • strong focus on being able to fight for your beliefs

  • France = Huguenot, England = puritan

  • predestination - God already decided who is saved/damned

  • going to heaven is not based on good works at all (it doesn’t really matter what you do)

• Pease of Augsburg - religion determined by local ruler

  • choice between lutheran or catholic

• Bloody Mary (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine)

  • forced everyone in England to be catholic even though England is protestant

• Mary dies and her sister, Elizabeth, takes the English crown

  • she’s protestant but allows everyone to practice their own religion PRIVATELY

  • Mary’s ex husband is like no no no, so he sends the Spanish Armada to go and make England Catholic again

• French Religious Wars:

  • religious reason - France is religiously divided (nobles want to be huguenots)

  • political reason - nobles don’t want to submit to monarchy so they adopt calvinism to resist

  • Henry of Navarre (protestant) marries king’s sister (catholic)

    • in the civil war he is defeated and becomes Henry IV of France

  • Politique = leader willing to compromise major issues for country’s benefit

  • henry IV = politique because he became Catholic to fix the religious mess in France

    • passed Edict of Nantes - religious toleration in England

  • Richelieu = politique because he grew a mercantilist economy

• The Thirty Years War

  • forever settles the issue of Religion as a cause of War

  • causes: religious division of HRE + Hasburgs too powerful

  • Phase 1:

    • Civil war in Bohemia - Catholic leader but Protestant majority

    • Defenestration of Prague - Catholic leaders thrown out window into manuer by Protestants

  • Phase 2:

    • Protestant Denmark goes against Catholic HRE

    • A mercenary helps to kick Protestant Catholic’s ass

    • Edict of Restitution - all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored

  • Phase 3 :

    • Swedish king invades HRE in support of Protestants

    • Sweden is being financially supported by France because France wants to weaken Habsburgs (EVEN THO FRANCE IS CATHOLIC!!!!!)

    • Swedish Swords, French Funds SSFF

  • Phase 4:

    • bloodiest and most continental

    • Richelieu (France) declares war on Spanish Habsburgs

    • France won

  • Peace of Westphalia

    • Relgiious wars over in Europe (reformation ended)

    • French Power increased, Habsburg power decreased

    • calvinism legally practiced

Age of Early European Exploration

• causes: renaissance, missionaries, monarchs seeking new revenue, technology advances

• new technology: caravel, lateen sail (sail with or against the wind), wheel lock

• Fernando Cortez conquered Aztecs

• Francisco Pizzaro conquered Incas

• Colonial Administration for Spain:

  • House of Trade - control economic matters in colonies

  • Viceroyalties - states controlled by Viceroys

  • Viceroys - appointed by monarch + controlled military and civil authority

  • Encomienda system - basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)

• The treaty of Tordesillas - pope gives Portugal slave trade and Spain control of South America

• Impact of Expansion = Price Revolution

  • influx of bullion (silver) caused extremely high inflation

• Mercantilism :

  • set trade taxes and laws against trading with competitors

  • form trade companies with monopoly over industries

The Rise of Absolutism & Constitutionalism

• Cause: French Religious Wars, thirty years war, inflation

• common obstacles: bad roads (infrastructure), lack of census info to tax, competition for power with monarchs clergy and nobles

• eastern absolutism:

• serfdom reestablished

• nobles maintained most of power

• authority of monarchs weaker in comparison to west

• western absolutism:

  • serfdom abolished

  • nobles lost all power

  • authority of monarchs stronger in comparison to east

• Louis XIV:

  • replaced nobles with loyal intendants

  • Declaration of Clergy of France - limited the Pope’s power

  • noble shad their own military so Louis built a centralized military loyal to only him

  • appointed new finance minister - Colbert

    • Colbert practiced mercantilism and made France RICHHH

  • Code Louis - centralized uniform code of law

  • Franco-Dutch war - expanded french territory to Netherlands

• ottoman empire:

  • janissaries - army composed of slaves (devshirme)

    • government and military jobs based on merit not family name

  • devshirme - christian slaves

  • millet system - religious community granted autonomy for taxes

• How did Eastern Landlords return peasants to serfdom

  • restricted movement

  • took land and increased labor obligations of peasants

  • nobles controlled legal and political system

• Austrian (Habsburgs):

  • 30 years war set the stage for Austrian state building

  • Habsburgs turned inward and eastward to strengthen the Austrian state

  • reestablished control over Bohemia and serfdom

  • Habsburgs take power from protestants and give it back to Catholics

    • Catholics become new nobility

  • Pragmatic sanction - Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir

• Prussia (northern Germany):

  • Frederick William “The great Elector” - strengthened central authority

    • made deal with nobles (very different from western absolutism)

  • Frederick William I “The Soldier King” - strengthened royal authority and created greatest army through draft

• Russia:

  • Ivan III “Ivan the Great” - continued mongol policies but did not recognize mongols as Russia’s leaders

  • Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” - 1st to take title of “tsar” and controlled boyars (nobles)

    • peasants flee and form independent outlawed group called the Cossacks

  • Peter the Great - modernization and westernization of Russia

    • military service requirements for nobles and commoners (YOU SERVE FOR LIFE)

    • Table of Ranks - merit based military system

    • imported western technology

    • souls tax - every person had to pay a tax

    • (higher class) education away from home for 5 years = mandatory

• English constitutional monarchy:

  • magna carta - king must ask for popular consent to tax from Parliament

  • Elizabeth bargain: parliament and king have cooperative “alliance” before civil war

  • James I - wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliament’s consent

    • gunpowder plot - people tried to blow him up

  • Charles I - very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars

    • appointed William Laud who persecuted Puritans

    • Ship tax - since parliament wont give money he creates a new tax on inland people

    • Petition of Rights - parliament says they will give money if Charles promises to not tax without consent, no imprisonment without due cause, etc

    • Charles doesn’t call parliament in many years so the Trennial Act is passed (parliament must be called every 3 years)

    • Chalres doesn’t like that things aren’t going his own way and forms an army to fight parliament (royalist)

  • Civil war - royalist vs parliamentarians

    • Oliver Cromwell leads army that defeats royalist

    • Battle of Naseby - name drop

  • Interregnum (time between kings)

    • Prides purge - Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a “Rump” Parliament

    • Charles I is beheaded

    • The Puritan Commonwealth - creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government

    • The Protectorate - Cromwell dismisses Rump Parliament, gives relgiious toleration to Jews, Cromwell becomes a dictator and people HATE HIM (but he dies soon)

  • Charles II - willing to play the parliament game but was secretly sympathetic to Catholics

  • James II - VERY Catholic and absolutist so he’s gotten rid of immediately and sent to live with Louis XIV in France

  • The Glorious Revolution: 1688 - William and Mary become king and queen of England

  • English Bill of Rights - settled all major issues between king + parliament

    • monarch must work with parliament

    • king cannot interfere with ordinary cause of justice

    • Parliament must be called frequently

• Dutch Constitutional Monarchy -

  • republic

  • calvinist and radical

  • Dutch society was independent and had higher salaries

  • steady economy - not much inflation

  • masters of the carrying trade - would ship goods everywhere

  • Dutch East India Co - stock/investment system

  • separated religion from education - students allowed to experiment on humans

  • laws done on local level

  • Dutch decline resulted from costly wars w/ England and France:

    • England broke off Dutch trade: 1651 Navigation Act req’d goods to be transported on English ships which weekend Dutch economy

Age of Reason Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

• causes of scientific Rev = medieval universities, Renaissance, sea exploration, technology

• Aristotelian universe - included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world

• Empiricism - sense based thinking (Bacon)

• Inductive Reasoning - observe → generalize → find patterns (Bacon)

• Deductive Reasoning - experiment → predict → theorize (Descartes)

• Descartes - dualism (Mind and matter), deductive thinking, doubt everything

• Medicine:

  • Galen - illness comes from imbalance of 4 humors

  • Vesalius - human anatomy

  • Harvey - circulatory system

• Voltaire - freedom of speech and religion

• Diderot - complied Encyclopedia

• Beccaria - argued against “cruel and unusual” punishments including the death penalty

• Frederick II The Great of Prussia

  • The war of Austrian Succession - Maria Theresa took Austrian Throne and Frederick the Great wanted part of Austrian territory (Silesia) so he fought for it and won

  • Seven Years War - Europe wanted to lower Prussia’s power so an alliance was formed between France, Russia, Sweden, and Austria

    • England joined Prussia to oppose France

  • reforms = torture outlawed, fair courts, new agriculture

• Catherine the Great of Russia

  • reforms - further westernized, supported the studying of philosophy, tried to educate and improve local gov

• Maria Theresa / Joseph II

  • Maria reform: limited power of papacy fixed bureaucracy, weakened nobles

  • Joseph reform: outlawed serfdom

French Revolution

• problems in third estate:

  • Bourgeoisie want: abolition of mercantilism, fair distribution of taxes, great voice in gov + REVOLT

  • Peasants want: freedom from serfdom and high taxes + REVOLT

• political causes of French rev =major debt and ineffective rulers

• religious causes: church corruption and tithes (tax)

• technological causes: guillotine and printing press

• economic causes: Seven years war, War of Louis XIV, Versailles, American rev, ineffective tax system, problems with parliament, rising cost of bread

• Jacques Necker - argued that the government should give free food

• The Moderate stage:

  • Estates general called by Louis XVI to resolve the financial crisis in France

    • first time meeting in 175 years

  • voting system is established - each estate has one vote

  • National assembly - 3rd estate declares itself the National assembly

  • Tennis court Oath - vows not to disband until a constitution if formed

  • Louis XVI orders the National assembly to disband and they refuse

    • as a compromise he orders first two estates to join the national assembly

  • Moderate middle class and liberal nobility are officially in control instead of monarchy

  • Storming of Bastille - people storm it looking for gunpowder

    • city now has an armed force

  • tri color flag emerges

  • power shifts from king to national assembly

  • The Great Fear = time period where multitudes of rumors spread

    • peasants ruthlessly kill nobles and destroy serfdom papers because of a rumor

  • Declaration of the rights of men - national assembly clearly states what reforms they want

    • liberty, security, prosperity

    • ended feudal rights of nobles over peasants

  • Declaration of the Rights of Women - de Gouges argued for financial independency for women

  • The Civil Constitution of the clergy - bishop and priests are now elected by popular vote instead of nepotism

    • national assembly confiscates land from RCC and abolishes tithes

  • Constitution of 1791 - redefined the French Gov

    • three branches = national assembly, king, and judicial branch

    • abolished estate system

    • tax paying male citizens have the rights to vote

• The Radical stage:

  • causes: threats from foreign nations, counterrevolutionaries, attempted fleeing of king, bad economy (inflation)

  • Jacobins - radical debating society

  • National convention - basically the national assembly with a new name

    • new election, new constitution, radicals take charge

    • demand right to vote for ALL men not just tax paying

    • vote to KILL the king

  • Committee of public safety - decides who lives and dies in trials

    • goal = crush the enemies of the revolution

    • drafted anyone 18-25 years old

  • consequences of red terror

    • overthrow of monarchy

    • weakened power and wealth of nobility

    • secularization of the state

    • more equality for men before the law

    • reorganization of the military

• The Conservative phase:

  • Thermidorian reaction: closed the Jacobins club, reopened churches, lifted economic restrictions, formed new constitution

  • Directory:

    • people involved in the Reign of Terror are killed = white terror

    • ruled by bourgeoisie liberals

    • electors can only be males over 21 that owned or rented property

    • political instability in directory - inflation, revolts, Communist revolts

• The Napoleonic stage:

  • established new gov called consulate

  • his names: first consul → consul for life → emperor

  • Domestic reforms & policies:

    • agreements with catholic church - he controlled cc from the shadows while the cc became the official religion of France

    • Napoleonic code - legal equality of all male citizens, women lost almost all rights previously gained

    • strengthened the bureaucracy - former revolutionaries put in government positions, rich people invited back and given jobs, new imperial nobility made of catholics

    • financial reforms - everyone pays taxes now, established public loans, Bank of France

    • public school system - aimed to prepare students for gov jobs, admission not merit based

    • spy system - eyes and ears everywhere to hear when people talk bad about Napoleon

  • Continental system - Napoleon tried to weaken Great Britain by stopping continental trade

  • Fall from power:

    • Napoleon’s invasion of Russia drastically fails

    • Napoleon abdicates and is sent to Elba (he soon escapes)

    • raises an army to fight Europe for sending him to Elba and is now sent to another island