Chapter 21- An Introduction to Organic Chemistry
- All organic compounds contain carbon. However, not all compounds containing carbon are organic.
- Organic compounds may have hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur etc in addition to carbon.
- Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only are called hydrocarbons.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties.
- Compounds of the same homologous series contain the same functional group.
- A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that give the molecule its characteristic properties.
- The general characteristics of the homologous series are: same functional group, similar chemical properties, and gradual change in physical properties.
NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Names of organic compounds are divided into two parts: a prefix that tells the total number of carbon atoms in the compound, and the suffix that names the homologous series of the compound.
- Prefixes: meth- (one), eth- (two), prop- (three), but- (four)
- Suffixes: -ane (alkane), -ene (alkene), -ol (alcohol), -oic acid (carboxylic acid)
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
- Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that are separated by fractional distillation due to the difference in boiling points.
- The crude oil is heated. At different boiling points, different factions boil over.
- Factions from first to last: refinery gas, gasoline, naptha, kerosine, lubricating oil, bitumen.
USES OF FACTIONS
Petroleum gas: heating and cooking.
Gasoline: fuel for car engines.
Naptha: feedstock for chemical industry.
Kerosine (paraffin): fuel for aircraft engines.
Diesel oil: fuel for diesel engines.
Lubricating oil: lubricating machines.
Bitumen: paving road surfaces.
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