Comparative Analysis of Kingship in Macbeth

Patriotism and Its Definition

• Patriotism signifies a deep love for one's country.
• Characters like Malcolm and Macduff represent true patriotism, contrasting with the immorality of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

Character Analysis: Malcolm and Macduff

• Malcolm:
• Son of King Duncan.
• Becomes king at the play’s end, restoring order in Scotland.
• Known for his moral and righteous nature.
• Macduff:
• A loyal soldier.
• Personal tragedy defined by Macbeth's tyranny (loses wife and children).
• Ultimately beheads Macbeth, symbolizing the restoration of justice.

Juxtaposition of Characters

• Lady Macbeth and Macbeth (unlawful, unnatural) vs. Malcolm and Macduff (pious, patriotic).
• Foil Characters:
• Definition: A foil character showcases the traits of another by contrast.
• Malcolm’s morality highlights Macbeth's immorality and tyranny.
• The stark difference between Malcolm’s leadership and Macbeth’s cruelty accentuates Malcolm’s virtues.

Historical Context

• The Jacobean era placed great importance on moral leaders and the concept of the Divine Right of Kings.
• King Duncan's death led Malcolm to initially flee, making his eventual return significant for the restoration of order in Scotland.

Quotes for Analysis

• Malcolm states, "…be earls, the first that ever Scotland in such an honor named." (Act V, Scene VIII)
• Signifies Malcolm’s appreciation for loyalty and the restoration of Scotland’s honor.
• Macduff’s lament, "Oh, Scotland, Scotland!" (Act IV, Scene III)
• Hyperbole and Repetition:
  • Usage emphasizes Macduff's emotional turmoil and love for his country, likening Scotland's decline to a death.

Macduff's Lamentations

• Expresses deep grief over Scotland's suffering under Macbeth’s tyranny.
• Uses Personification: treats Scotland as if it has human qualities, stressing the emotional connection he feels to his nation.

Thematic Elements

• Restoring order after chaos is a central theme.
• True kingship is portrayed with religious and moral significance, contrasting with Macbeth’s self-indulgence.
• Divine Right of Kings:
• God’s choice of leaders is fundamental to the society depicted in the play.
• Malcolm’s ascension restores this principle, contrasting Macbeth’s tyrannical rule.

Conclusion

• The contrast between Macbeth's vile reign and Malcolm and Macduff's virtuous rebellion symbolizes the restoration of moral order in Scotland.