Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.

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"The Candlestick Bible" Notes

What is a candlestick?

Japanese candlesticks are a type of financial chart that visually represents an asset's price movements over a specific period, showing the opening, closing, high, and low prices. They depict the buying and selling of assets in the financial markets.

A. Candlestick Anatomy:

The filled part of the candlestick is called the real body.

-The thin lines poking above and below the body are called shadows/wicks/tails.

-The top of the upper shadow/wick is the high

-The bottom of the lower shadow/wick is the low.

Candlestick Patterns: An Essential Guide | TrendSpider Learning Center

Candlesticks have different body sizes: Long bodies and short bodies.

Long/big bodies = strong buying/ selling pressure.

Short/little bodies = weak buying/ selling pressure.

Trading 101: Mastering Candlestick Charts - onXRP

-If the close is above the open, we can say that the candlestick is bullish which means that the market is rising in this period of time. ( bullish, buy, up=up)

If the close is below the open, we can say that the candlestick is bearish which indicates that the market is falling in this session. (bearish, sell, down=down)

Candlestick shadows/tails/wicks that are long, show that trading action occurred well past the open and close.

Upper shadows signify the session high

Lower shadows signify the session low

-If a candlestick has a longer upper shadow, and short lower shadow, this means that buyers bid price higher, but sellers drove price back down to end the session back near its open price.

-If a candlestick has a long lower shadow and short upper shadow, this means that sellers had force in price, but buyers came in and drove prices back up to end the session back near its’ open price.

B. Candlestick patterns

Candlestick patterns are the language of the market. They are one of the most powerful trading concepts, they are simple, easy to identify, and very profitable setups. If you learn how to read candlestick patterns the right way, you will be able to understand what these patterns tell you about the market dynamics and the trader’s behavior. This skill will help you better enter and exit the market at the right time. Focus on the anatomy of the pattern and the psychology behind its formation, this will help you make an educated guess on the markets next move.

Candlestick Formations:

Engulfing Candle
The engulfing candlestick pattern is characterized by a candle that is completely engulfing the previous candle, including the wicks.

Below are examples of both a bullish engulfing candle and bearish engulfing candle. The engulfing candle is communicating that either the buyers or sellers are now in control of price.

When an engulfing candle occurs in a trend, bullish engulfing during a bullish trend or bearish engulfing during a bearish trend, is interpreted as a continuation signal.

When it occurs at the end of a trend (either uptrend or downtrend) it indicates a reversal and the market will change direction.

This pattern is essential for traders to identify potential entry and exit points, as it provides insight into market sentiment and momentum.

Engulfing Candlestick Patterns: A Trader's Guide ...

Doji Candle
Doji is one of the most important Japanese candlestick patterns, when this candlestick forms, it tells us that the market opens and closes at the same price which means that there is equality and indecision between buyers and sellers, there is no one in control of the market.

Remember always that a Doji indicates equality and indecision in the market, you will often find it during periods of resting after big moves higher or lower, or consolidation.

When it is found at the bottom or at the top of a trend, it is considered a sign of reversal.

The different types are:

the Doji(basic)= characterized by a an open and close at the same market price. often seen during consolidation; indicates in decision in the market.

the Dragonfly Doji= characterized as a bullish candlestick pattern. The candle has an open and close at the same or about the same price, with long lower wick that shows the resistance of buyers and their attempt to push the market up. Considered a bullish reversal signal at the bottom of a downtrend.

the Gravestone Doji= is the bearish version of the dragonfly Doji, it is formed when the open and close are the same or about the same price. This pattern indicates that while buyers were able to push prices well above the open, sellers overwhelmed the market pushing the price back down.

Identifying the formation of Gravestone and Dragonfly doji candlesticks, will help you visually see where support/demand and resistance/supply areas are located. For these candlestick patterns to be reliable they must occur near these levels.

Star Candle
The star pattern is considered as a reversal pattern, it often occurs at the top or bottom of a trend and it consists of three candlesticks:
The first candlestick is bearish which indicates that sellers or buyers are still in charge of the market.
The second candle is a small one which represents that whomever is in control of price, but they don’t push the market much in their favor and this candle can be bullish or bearish.
The third candle is a candlestick that gapped up on the open and closed above the midpoint of the body of the first candle, this candlestick holds a significant trend reversal signal.

The two types are the Morning Star and the Evening Star.

Morning Star = considered a bullish reversal. The morning star pattern shows us how buyers took control of the market from sellers, when this pattern occurs at the bottom of downtrend near a support level, it is interpreted as a powerful trend reversal signal.

Evening Star = considered a bearish reversal. In general, the evening star pattern is the bearish version of the morning star pattern. The sellers took control of the market from the buyers, when this pattern occur at the top of an uptrend near a resistance level, it is interpreted as a powerful reversal sign.

Pin Bar Candle

The pin bar candlestick is created when the open high and close are roughly the same price; it is also characterized by a long wick. this is considered a reversal candle stick pattern when at bottom or the top of a trend. When this candlestick forms near a resistance level. It should be taken as a high probability setup.

The two types are:

Hammer(pin bar): indicates a bullish rejection from buyers and their intention to push the market higher, meaning buyers beat the sellers. Although there was lower market activity, the buyers ultimately closed out the candle.

Shooting star(pin bar): would be the opposite of the hammer pin bar. it indicates a bearish rejection from sellers and intention to lower the market, meaning sellers beat buyers. Even with buying activity above the open the sellers closed the candle.

What Is the Difference between Pin Bars and Hammer Candlesticks? | FBS Broker

Harami Candlestick Pattern

The Harami pattern (pregnant in Japanese) is considered as a reversal and continuation pattern, and it consists of two candlesticks:

The first candle is the large candle, it is called the mother candle.

Followed by a second smaller candle which is called the baby.

How to Trade with a Bearish Harami Pattern | Market Pulse

For the Harami candlestick pattern to be valid, the second candle should close outside the previous one. The body of the baby candle must be engulfed by the body of the mother candle.

The Harami candle tells us that the market is in an indecision period. In other words, the market is consolidating. When this candlestick pattern happens during an uptrend or a downtrend, it is interpreted as a continuation pattern which gives a good opportunity to join the trend and if it is occurred at the top of an uptrend or at the bottom of a downtrend, it is considered as a trend reversal signal.

Tweezer Tops and Tweezer Bottoms

The tweezers top formation consists of two candlesticks:

The first one is a bullish candlestick followed by a second bearish candlestick.

And the tweezers bottom formation consists of two candlesticks as well:

The first candle is bearish followed by a second bullish candlestick.

The tweezers top formation is considered as a bearish reversal pattern seen at the top of an uptrend, and the tweezers bottom formation is interpreted as a bullish reversal pattern seen at the bottom of a downtrend.

A "tweezers top" occurs during an uptrend when buyers push prices higher, suggesting the market is still rising. However, sellers then drive prices down, closing below the opening of the bullish candle, signaling a potential trend reversal. Conversely, a "tweezers bottom" happens in a downtrend when sellers push prices lower, but buyers then drive prices up to close near the initial bearish candle's open, indicating a potential upward reversal. These patterns can indicate trend reversals and are more reliable when used with other technical analysis tools.

C. The Market Structure

As a trader, one of the most important skills is reading market structure. This allows you to apply the right strategies for different market conditions. You need to study market movements and behavior since not all markets should be traded the same way. Mastering this skill helps you understand crowd actions, market control, and optimal trading times. Through price action analysis, you'll encounter three market types: trending, ranging, and choppy. You don’t need indicators to identify a type of market trend, just a visual observation of price action is quite enough to get an idea about the market trend.

Trending Markets
Trending markets are simply characterized by a repeating pattern of higher highs and higher low in an up-trending market, and lower high and lower low in a down trending market.
Trade with the trend! Meaning trade in the direction of the trend. Uptrend=Buy, Downtrend=Sell
But the question is, what is the right time to enter a trending market?
Trending markets are characterized by two important moves, the first move is called, the impulsive move, and the second one is called the retracement(pullback/corrective) move.
Impulsive moves and retracements happen at support and resistance.
Support and Resistance:
Support and resistance levels/areas are characterized by swing points. Swing points are candle that initiates the reversal. This area then becomes an area of support or resistance. A point were the market rejected price and moved in the opposite direction. The market then respects this by creating a reversal again in the future at that same point.

Previous support areas/levels can become resistance levels in the future and vice versa. ( Refer to the diagram above)

When the market makes the retracement move it respects the previous swing point (support or resistance level) which will represent the beginning of another impulsive move. As you can see, when the market tests the previous swing point (support level) it goes up again. By drawing a support level in an uptrend market, we can predict when the next impulsive move will take place.

To trade a trending market: enter after retracement corrects its direction and ride out the impulsive move.

How to draw trendlines:

Trendlines are similar to support and resistance lines in that the market respects the trend line, and when price approach it, the market rejects price and continue in the same direction.

To draw a quality trend line, you will need to find at least 2 minimum swing points, and simply connect them with each other. The levels must be clear, don’t try to force a trend line.

2.Ranging Markets (Consolidating)

Ranging markets, often referred to as consolidating markets/areas or simply consolidation, are characterized by neutral or horizontal orientation.

Trading 101: Decoding Market Structure - onXRP

This is when sellers and buyers are bouncing market price between key support and resistance levels, not creating new highs or lows.

In a consolidation trend, neither the buyers or sellers are control of price price.

This will continue until a breakout, and a new trending market begins.

How to trade ranging markets:

Wait for price to approach support or resistance, then buy at key support level or sell at key resistance level and catch the movement back to either support or resistance.
Wait for the breakout from either resistance or support. Catch the impulsive move until the next retracement. Beware of fake outs, wait for conformation.
Wait until after the retracement, or pullback, then enter for a buy or a sell.( note: pullbacks don’t always occur after breakouts)

Choppy Markets

When analyzing the charts, if a market isn’t resembles a ranging market but it doesn’t appear to have clear key support and resistance levels, it isn’t worth trading and is probably a choppy market.

Choppy markets are very noisy, price is moving in a tight range. There aren’t any small trends with a support and resistance with a horizontal orientation. y’know what I mean?

The best way to determine when a market is choppy is best viewing on the daily chart.

Time frames and Top Down analysis

Candlesticks are visual representations of market price for any given frame of time.

For example if you are looking at the charts on the 4H time frame, every candlestick displayed on the chart depicts 4 hours of time from open to close.

In price action day trading, the Daily (1D), 4H, and 1H are primary time frames. Though there are many time frame to use in trading with other strategies.

Top Down analysis is the analyzing from higher to lower time frames to have a better informed assessment of price action, before executing a trade i.e. if you wanted to swing trade start on the 4H, then the weekly charts, then the daily charts, to identify confluence on the different time frames, when looking for trade ideas.

*The rest of the PDF is dedicated to strategies using candlestick the suggests. I am disinterested in the writers trading strategies as I will applying my own strategy ; however, I find the insights on candlestick patterns and their implications for price action quite valuable for enhancing my understanding of market movements. That all for my notes!

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