3/3 Lecture - British Colonial Rule Over India

Summary and Study Guide for a Lecture on British Rule on India in 1750-1900

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the political and economic landscape of India during British rule.

• Analyze the factors that led to British expansion in India.

• Study the impact of British rule on social, cultural, and economic aspects of India.

• Evaluate the legacy of British rule in India.

Introduction:

This lecture will provide an overview of British rule on India from 1750 to 1900. We'll examine the political and economic conditions in India before British rule, the factors that led to British expansion, and the impact of British rule on India's social, cultural, and economic development. We'll also discuss the legacy of British rule in India and its ongoing relevance in contemporary society.

Body:

• Political and Economic Landscape of India before British Rule:

  • India was a diverse and populous country with a complex political system. The Mughal Empire ruled over much of India from the 16th to the 18th centuries, but it was increasingly fragmented and divided by the time of British rule.

  • The economic system of India was based on agriculture, with a large share of the population engaged in farming. Other important industries included trade, textiles, and handicrafts.

  • India had a limited market for foreign goods, and its exports were primarily focused on raw materials.

• Factors that Led to British Expansion in India:

  • Economic Factors: The decline of the Mughal Empire created a power vacuum that Britain was able to exploit. Britain's economic policies, such as the establishment of trade posts and the promotion of industrial growth, furthered its expansion.

  • Political Factors: The British East India Company was granted a charter to trade in India by the Mughal Emperor. This led to British influence in the political affairs of India.

  • Social Factors: British society was highly hierarchical, with a small group of Brahmins at the top, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The lower castes were considered untouchable.

  • Religious Factors: British missionaries and travelers introduced Christianity to India, which had a significant impact on social and cultural attitudes.

• Impact of British Rule on Social, Cultural, and Economic Aspects of India:

  • Social Impact: British rule led to the introduction of Western values and social norms, which had a profound impact on Indian society.

  • Cultural Impact: Indian culture was also influenced by British art, architecture, and literature.

  • Economic Impact: British rule led to the modernization of some parts of India, but it also led to the exploitation of the country's resources and the development of a class of wealthy Englishmen.

  • Education: British education was introduced to India, but it was often biased and limited to the upper classes.

• Legacy of British Rule in India:

  • Economic: India's economy was heavily influenced by British economic policies, leading to the development of a modern industrial sector.

  • Social: British social norms and values have had a lasting impact on Indian society.

  • Cultural: Indian culture continues to be influenced by British elements, particularly in terms of language, food, and music.

  • Political: British rule has had a significant impact on India's political landscape, with the country now a democracy.

Discussion:

• What were the most significant changes brought about by British rule in India?

• How did British rule impact the social, cultural, and economic development of India?

• What are the challenges and opportunities associated with revisiting the legacy of British rule in India?

Assessment:

• Short answer: What was the impact of British rule on India's social, cultural, and economic development?

• Long answer: Please provide a detailed explanation of the impact of British rule on India's social, cultural, and economic development, considering both the positive and negative aspects.

Note: This is a comprehensive study guide that can be used for a variety of learning activities, including class discussions, research projects, and independent study

Lecture Transcript

We tend to in the one place that has, um you know, usually a shared language, a shared cultural path, shared sense of history and story. India has developed those things only really in the last century or so. um this is uh an incredibly um I I keep using the word diverse, but that doesn't cover. It's just a it's a place that has lots and lots and lots of differences. The first thing they kind of understand is when we're talking about British India, we're actually talking about a land map much more than what is currently the country of India. So in British t, British India came from all the way up here into Afghanistan, across what is today Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and over here would beadmar, okay? That whole chunk, including this blade wallart, okay, was India. and that means it includes everything from the Himalaya mountains to huge river systems, big, deserts, tropical areas, um it's just geographically enormous, and it has lots of differences of peoplehoods that come with an area that enormous. Um, there are, I think 26 or 28 official languages in the country of India. So when you travel in India, it is much more like traveling in Europe where you go from one place to the next than it's brand new when you get there. So for instance, if you travel from um the Spice coast, if we think back to where Indian ocean, right, you go from the state of Carolina, which is in the far, southwestern corner. It's where Coachin is, if you remember Coachin somewhere are Indian Ocean maps. Hey, and you go from there to the next seat over in Cochin they speak a language called Malayal. One state over the language is called Tamil. So you crossed one state over, but at least speak in different langu, they have a different movie industry. They have a different cuisine, they have different style drafts and traditional dances and things like that, it's like a whole new country. And that's to scene every time you go to another city. Yeah, that somehow managed to learn every single language of every single? I don't I'm sure there's somebody. There's always somebody, right, but I can tell you it is very common in India for people to speak five or six words. So, for example, my ex husband is from Kala. That's why I was giving that particular example. So, in his home, they spoke Mala, but he went to an English language school, so at school they spoke English at home, they spoke Maliala. His dad managed bank branches, and so for a time they were in Tamla, which is the state next door, so he also learned to speak Tamil. The national language of India is Hindi. so he spoke Hindi, he also spoke Germany. He worked for a a German soccerware program that he German.. So when we went, when I went to India, we flew from um from Cochin to Benalore Bangalore in a state where the language is called kada. We were trying to check into the hotel, okay? Jim, is my aunt. He doesn't speak canada. That guy doesn't speak Molly Olum, Ray? They try Hindi, that's not working super well. English doesn't work, they settle on taco. So they each just sort of flip through four languages and something they found the one that they had in common, and that's the one that they spoke together.. um and that's totally normal. There was nothing abnormal about that situation. So, all of this is to say for most of of Indian history, India didn't think of itself as a unified country. It was a collection of priests, not priestly, princely, states, confederations, tribal groups, um it wasn't what we think of as a country. And it was not what we think of as unified these groups often didn't get along with each other. They often practiced different religious customs. They had different economic interests. They think about some of those documents we read about the Indian Ocean, right, where you had like Muslim merchants and Hindu rulers and their negotiating around things and so this is a really big, really bustling, very complicated place, okay? um and today, it is just economically economically complicated, it is a verse, each of these different parts of the country have their own movie industry. um so there's Bollywood, which makes more movies than anywhere else in the world, and you might be familiar with Bollywood. You have not experienced the Bollywood movie. I highly encourage it one day. Okay, um and it is an experience, it's gonna be at least three hours long because in the middle, every often, they break into song and dance routines. Right. So so whenever like the guy in the roller about to kiss, which they will never do, there will be a big long song and dance routine. And then it's gonna reach like the pitch of tension over something and then there'll be a song in dance routine. And oftentimes the hit music comes from the volume movies. so the songs that everybody's listening to are songs from whichever movies are very popular in the moment. and so to the American eye, this seems a little cheesy, but just go with it. It's really fun. Okay. But it's a commitment, right? It's like three, three, not hours long, you're in it. They actually have intermissions in movies.. Okay.. but this is also, and I told this story and third hour because I think it's hilarious. So this area right here is like the most famous Indian actor ever. This is Shah Khan. he comes from like a dynasty of famous Bollywood actors. you know, three billion people on the face of the foot. like know who this guy gets rape. Americans don't know who he is. And so, um a while back, Char Khan was traveling to America and he got stopped by TSA and TSA was like giving him a hard time about, you know, why he's traveling, he is a Muslim guy, he has a Muslim name, like, who are you, rap? They didn't know who he was, okay? And it was mind boggling to people around the world that Americans didn't know who Shar Khan was, because he's literally the most recognizable movie star on the planet, but nobody in America knows who he is. So, we really do exist in our own sort of bubble culturally v Bollywood is incredibly popular around the world. Hey, yeah, no, I thought you understand that. you got this? But I that they're trying to make it, but ends and the same end badly maybe not a bad indication of how actually minuscule the Christian population be. which brings us to the religious diversities. So India is about 85% Hindu, right? Remember the population 1.4 billion about 85% of them are Hindu, about 14. something percent are Muslim. um, which doesn't sound like a lot 14%, but 14% of 1.4 billion people, right? It's like 160 million Muslim people, right? That's half the population of the US. Okay, um, so between those two religions, and we studied how Islam got there, it got there through the Delhi sultanan, then we have the moodles, rate, Islam has been in India for a 1000 years. Okay. um, and then there are various and assorted other faith, the see andains the the Christ, but the vast majority of the population are Hindu with a very sizable minority of of Muslam. Okay, so how does how does Britain end up in control? So, the first thing to sort of understand here is that by the mid 18th centuries so the mid 1700s, the Mughals have been there for a long time, and they're starting to they're starting to wither, okay. The the days of Akbar the Great and Shahahan are long past and the empire is losing its centralization. Um so the Mughals by the mid 1700s are mostly a collection of um sort of decentralized rulers, load leading, you know, a local area, um and and they lack this sort of organization of the Mughal Empire of, you know, a century before them or so. um, they also over time after Aranzeb um became less and less religiously tolerant um so that sort of early tolerance that Akbar the great it was lost by this point, and so there's quite a bit of religious tension. And remember, we don't have what we think of as a unified India. All of these different regions are basically doing their own thing. and the Muals never really control the far south all the way down here. They never really got that far., they had about, you know, about down the year, that they So, in the mid 1700s, which would be the mid 18th century, we also now have the rise of joint stock companies, a like the British East India Company, or the Dutch East India Company. These are individually privately owned companies organizing themselves out of coffee houses in Europe. Remember Lloyd of London and all of those different coffee houses where people are are getting together to do business. um and a joint stop company means that investors are cooling their money to, um in order to basically share both the liabilities and the profits of of the company. And so Britain is is turning its attention, right? By the mid 1700s, they're starting to lose control of the American colonies, right? We're we're becoming more and more of a problem. Um Britain wants things like tea, and um spices, and all those things that that they've been wanting and the ducks have been wanting. And so the joint stock companies, like the British East India Company, are very interested in being able to control the resources and products of of India. The Dutch had already taken Indonesia, so those spices are controlled by the Dutch, um India is is where Britain's gonna turn its attention. And I want to be very clear, we're not talking right now about the government of Britain. We're not talking about the monarchy or the crown. We are talking about a company, the British East India company. It is a multinational joint stock corporation. It is very effective to think about it as something like apple or Coca-Cola, a modern corporation that has shareholders who expect their profit that has different parts of the business happening in different parts of the world and has to manage essentially a globalized company, okay? In the 1600s, the East India Company and this line says one trading race, okay? Well, the way they won those trading rights was by essentially either fighting or coercing this sort of local Mughal leaders around the edges of the empire. Remember that the Zamindar system in India meant that local leaders collected taxes on behalf of the empire and they got to keep a portion of the taxes that they collected. So one of the things that the company would do was they would force the local leader to sign over taxation rights in their area. thereby making it so that the company is collecting the taxes. and keeping the taxes rate. So now again, we have a private corporation collecting taxes in a foreign country, basically. what? It is pretty dolical, okay? And how do you get a local leader to sign over the wealth of the area that you control? Well, you have bigger, better weapons. right? You can use threaten them if they don't agree, then you show them how you use your weapons, right? And it becomes pretty clear that they can't combat you and so you take over their their territory. And so you do this sort of bit by bit around the edges, by the mid 1800s, the country has effectively, you know, the company is effectively controlling most of the content. except the fair and fairy ourselves down here, okay? Now, remember I also said the Indian company has its own army. Hey, so this is a a company with an army and now taxation privileges. For all of facts, it's functioning like a government, right? It has an army, it has taxation, it's controlling the movement and security and economics of the place. It's the government of the place. But it's not, it's company. So, this diversity that I spent so much time talking about is one of the reasons it's able to gain this control. The the different regional leaders didn't necessarily work together or get along north and South India is really far apart and speaks very different languages, different religious groups, a Hindu leader might not to work with a Muslim leader. It was really difficult for them to unite against this outside enemy. And so the East India company is able to exploit that um, you know, they employ these rulers one off the other, um in order to divide and conquer. And the reason I'm pointing that out is because the way they ultimately get the British out is by doing the reverse, by learning how to work together, by forming a common sense of identity, they develop a sense of Indian nationalism that allows them to cooperate. So the same sort of issue that allows them to be um sort of picked off is also what's going to allow them to to become independent later on. The East Indian company, like they just said, this isn't trading company. It's um looking for Robert materials and resources. It's a joint stock company, and it's in competition. It's the second largest company in the world at the time, the first was the Dutch East India Company.. So, you know, they're they're competing for the same products. largely. um and they don't much enjoy each other.. You about? You said I said it to myself. Oh, okay. um so once the company is sort of in control there, it begins doing what imperialists do. Remember, there's lots of motivations for imperializing. um some of them are religious, the desire to Christianize. um some of them are cultural, the desire to quotecivilize.. Um and the company has no difference. Somebody in a third hour asks if they're not the government, why do they call themselves the British East India Company? Well, because they're still very proud of themselves, they're still seeing themselves as um, you know, sophisticated, educated, worldly, powerful Britain that um and wants to project that out into into the world. And so they start they start developing India. Um, they do things like build federal roads. They start unifying um legal codes. They try to reduce banditry because banditry is bad for trade. The Mongols reduced banditry rate? You can't have people, you know feeling their goods before they get to the harbor. okay? They institute Western educational practices, law codes, things like that. um, but they also are deeply sort of interested in changing changing um some of the cultural practices that they think are particularly backward. um to the British mind of the day, all Indians were kind of the same.. Of course, to Indians, they saw themselves as all very, very different, and they have these sort of hereditary behaviors because of the cast system, because of their religious traditions of Hinduism, um and so when the British start not just to change like infrastructure, like roads and stuff like that, but to actually start to try seem to the cultural practices, um, the the Indians started to push back against that. And so the company backs off a little bit because they realized if they alienate their labor force, it's gonna be hard for them to get what they want out of out of India. So they back off a little bit, but there are a couple of practices that they're like, no, we absolutely can't stomach these practices. One of them is this this custom called seti. um, which is a a particular tube Hindus, so Hindus premate their dad when somebody dies, Set is the practice of the dead husband's wife burning herself on his funeral py. Hey, so it's it's brutal, brutal custom, yes, that face, absolutely, great. And the British come in and they're like, nope, we are not we are not stomaching this. And so I have this moment and I I'll be really transparent with you um I do think it's important to have a high tolerance for other people's cultural practices. But I also think there's some things that are just universally not okay and burning a woman alive on her husband's funeral py falls into that category. Um, so I amm super critical of the British and a lot of the things that they did in India. I'm okay with this one. Okay? I I I'm okay with the ending of sudden, okay? Um, so I I there's no love lost between me and the imperialists, but I'm with the the widows on this one. Okay. Um, but what the these sort of realized and what you should understand right is the East India company is trying to maint in the more bread, because they want it to be comfortable for them, okay? And they want to be able to exploit it, which is why they're there in the first place. Um, but some of those changes not so bad to have better roads. I've been on Indian roads. They need it fixing, okay? Um, I've never been as car sick as I was on a mountain pass to a t estate in India. um they also did things again because banditry is bad for business. Um, I love that this is in there. The wordfug, right? when we use the wordfug, it comes from the Hindii thuggy, which are these organized gangs of murderers.. somebody in an earlier class said they look like nice old men. they kind of until they slit your throat.. um, but the British cracked down on that kind of behavior, and they're like, no, we can't have thugs roaming this up countryside. you know, marauding.. What? I anybody can beagin that. I bet that's true. I guess that's a good point. other I would be most of the time you have a warning. reason. I don't. Okay. um so all of this sort of comes to a head, these these tensions are are showing themselves in the army, in the East India companies's army. Now, the East India Company has brought in British officers, so the leaders of the army are British, but the soldiers are Indian. They have been either paid or coerced to join the army, um and they come from all over all over the territory that the company controls. They're called sepoys, that's the the term for these Indian soldiers that are fighting in the company army, okay? And the company is instituting rules in the army that are um more cultural than sort of military. Okay? And so they they do a number of things that provoke the sequos to rebellion. This is one of the few dates you really need to know. The sepoy rebellion in 1857. The Indians call this the first war of independence. Okay, if that gives you a sense, rate, that we're calling it a rebellion, they call it a war of independence. 1857.. So what happens um the company has done a few things. One thing they're trying to do is move their soldiers to other parts of their overseas trade. Um This is a problem for people if they're wearing the top, the highest cap Hindoos are not supposed to travel a away from India. They are unhappy with being forced to do so. the company has also allowing him to widows to remarry, um which traditionally in Hindu society they don't do so that's another imposition into sort of the cultural traditions. But the the big problem really comes in 1857 with the purchase of the new endfield rifles for the army. and just so that you sort of can understand how this works, before you have a rifle, the the the less developed kind of gun is a musket that has a smooth barreled barrel. Okay, so picture a rifle, picture the lung barrel on the inside of the barrel, it's all smooth, okay? And you load the gun from the end of the barrel, so you have a cartridge, you sort of bite the end off the cartridge, you pour it in the end of the barrel, you have a rod, you ram the bullet down the end, and then you fire it and then you have to reload and start all over again, okay? But they're pretty inaccurate in general. so you have to be really close to whoever you're trying to shoot because chances are you will miss them. But a rifle, okay, rightfully are groups that are um etched into the inside of the barrel of the gun in a spiral pattern, along the barrel of the gun. and when the bullet is fired from the gun, the rifing spins the bullet really, really fast and by spinning the bullet really, really fast, it makes the shot more accurate. Okay? It it narrows and it shoots the bullet more accurately. So this is a better gun if you're trying to, you know, hit what you're trying to hit okay? but the endfield rifle requires a person to this kind of cartridge. I'm just gonna show you, I'll come back, so they'll panic. This is what it looks like. So you've got this cartridge, okay? It's got like a paper casing and some gunpowder, and then there's the bullet, okay, and on the outside, there's some grease. Hey, the grease is really important. number one, it means that you can load the gun a little bit smoother, but more importantly, it keeps the powder from sparking before you're trying to fire the gun. You don't want the the metal pulling to spark against the metal of the barrel and blow up before you aim through gun. That that would be bad, okay? So, the grace is quite important. So, a rumor goes around, okay, that that grace is eitherow or payback, okay? Which is bad all the way around. If your Hindu cows are holy, you don't eat before you. be fat, if you're Muslim, pigs are a trayed their um forbidden, if you don't consume pig products. So they Hindoos are offended, the Muslims are offended, none of the soldiers have touched these. Okay? So, they refuse to fire the weapons. Hey, um, and now the company officers are in a position, you can't have an army that's refusing to fire the weapons. Hey, how do you use the the army if they won't shoot the guns? Um, so how do you force somebody to do that, right? Um, and so they start arresting the soldiers and the tension mounts and mounts mounts and then finally rebellion with brakes out the sepoised, um in some places, they massacre the British officers and other Brits that are around, there's not that many British people in India at the time of but then the British troops retaliate they slaughter thousands of people, they come back with all the the strength that they have. um the area of the rebellion and I think it's it's interesting. So the part that's in the green is the area of the rebellion. um that chunk of India today, this area today has more people in it than the United States. is the most densely populated part of India. It's right along the Yenes River, um, it's really the heartland of India. and so the rebellion spreads through that huge area we're talking about tens of thousands of of people. and what happens is the company is not able to quell the rebellion. They they need help. And so the British crown, the government sends in troops to help them while the rebellion. And when they do that, they essentially say, you can no longer control this territory effectively, we are nationalizing the East India Company's holding this here in India. So the crown effectively takes away the holdings of the company and makes them crown assets. And so from this point forward, it's no longer the company that's governing, it's with crown. It's the government mode of Britain is holding it as a crown colony. And when they do that they do the thing that angered the American colonists, too. They tax the Indians to pay the costs of controlling them. Well, I mean not right, right? Right, if it hurts, you don't succeed. And of course, the Indians are not happy about this, right? Nobody likes to be taken advantage of, but they're also not really able to to push back or resist. Right? Questions? All right, so, from this point on, we have what's called the raj, the British raj is the era of monarchy, um government colonial rule. The Britons put in a vice, right? We've seen this word before. Do you remember where we saw it? In Latin America, right? The viceroyalty of New Spain, the viceroyalty of Peru. This is the person who represents the monarch there in this case, the monarch is Queen Victoria. all of the high officials are British, but the Indian the Indians are holding the posts, right? So it would be like saying the governors and the mayors are all British, but the people working at the DMV are all. um and so with local cooperation rate, the the people that sort of are working for the British government structures build India becomes what they call the crown Jewel of the British Empire. In this England's most profitable quality. And you can see up here on these coins, this is a one rupee coin, Victoria Empress, Queen Victoria names herself Empress of India. So India is just sort of assumed into the empire of of Britain. In here we see her I love these are photographs, right? We are effectively in the modern era now. So, under the Britus Raj, um, right now it's a crown colony, they're going to they're gonna I'm gonna make up wordritinize it, okay? Um, they revised the legal system. Remember, these places were all disconnected and Britain wants it to be efficiently managed. And so they institute a consistent legal system around all of the areas that they control. um, especially legislating around, um equality regardless of caste. That's gonna be very unpopular with the high caste can move people, okay? But for England caste makes they they don't they don't wanna do it. Um, and this does actually lead to more order, right? It does actually streamline processes around all of these disconnected places. They also build railways and telegraph ways, so it becomes easier to communicate and to travel around the area. Now, these two things combine a consistent legal system and the ability to communicate in travel are actually gonna be the reasons there is a thing called India today. Okay, that that people were able to unite around a common identity has a lot to do with the infrastructure that was built by um by the garage. Hey, if you as an American, if you if you ask an Indian person, oh, what's your nationality, they will say I'm Indian. But if you're in India and you ask somebody, they will answer with their linguistic group. They'll say I'm Malayali or Bengali or Marathi, or they'll answer with what language and then that tells you what state they're from. hey, if you're gonna get people who think of themselves as Bengali Murathi, Gudati as that different to work together, right, they have to have an identity that they share. become common sense of nationality. And so this infrastructure starts to facilitate that. People can move around, they can travel, they can talk to other people. They're they're operating under the same systems. There's abisance stability, um so it's good for business if you're Britain, but it's also good for developing a sense of nationalism if you're if you're in the. Um, the people who benefit the most other than the Brits are the people already at the plot, the upper classes who could afford maybe to send their kids to England to go to university, who could send their kids to the best schools, who had positions where they were kind of hobnobbing with the British elite. and the Indian princes were were growing wealthy. Now there's more trade, right? There's just more economic activity going on. So some people did benefit greatly under this system. And in some ways, India as a whole exists because of these changes that that the Raj brought. Questions? Okay, but I don't want to seem too complimentary about British imperialism. Um, even today, English is very widely spoken. You'll see it in the street signs. um you'll you'll see it in the newspapers. There are English language publications, everyone's in a while. I read the times of him, I just see what's going on. um you can see that the signs are in two languages, okay? So. Remember the documents we read last week there was a graph about import export textil, and then there was a newspaper editorial about the weavers should just go become farmers. Do you remember those documents? Hey, that's what this is is talking about. What Britain starts to do is reorganize the Indian economy, um around cash crops. So, for example, they um they make it says encourage big coerce. They course farmers to start growing cash crops like cotton, um and then exporting that cotton back to England to be made into textile, but at the same time, they actually made it illegal for Indians to make their own textiles. So they're essentially taking the production of textiles back to England and using India as the raw resource for the cotton. this has a few effects that are really bad for for Indians. It's bad for the physical environment. You have to to deforest areas to create the fields. But when people are growing cash crops, they're not growing food.? And so the shift away from growing food actually causes famine. um, which is a huge problem. But then as we saw with those documents that we read last week, it also means that the the weaving industry is effectively decimated. And those people then have to go do something else. So the entire economy starts to get reorganized around, um, around British means. Both Indians and British are divided here. um Indian upper class educated people were quite happy to participate in the more modern systems to send their kids back to England for education, to hobnob with the Brits. But the religious people, Hindu and Muslim religious leaders were very unhappy because of the cultural changes. The laws against their cultural practices that were um that were unpopular. So you start to have divisions of class, which you kind of always had with the caste system, um, but now you're also starting to get deeper religious divides around the culturalship. Some people tried to split the difference. This is Rambo androy. um, and he starts in college. w he tries to say is, you know what? We can reform some of these practices that are truly backwards, like set the child marriage per the um but we can also still speak our languages and do our dances and practice our faith and, you know, we don't have to become not Indian just because we're becoming more modern. And so he really tries to push this sort of progressive development, um and sort of split the difference between the the more modern ways and the traditional ways that that is um I have another slide about it. I'll come back to this. Don't. Um Herda is about um the traditional isolation of women, and it's not religiously bound Hindu people did it Muslim people did it um, but it's it's the separation of women completely. So, for instance, if they're traveling they would be in a completely enclosed carriage, their faces would be covered. They might even have separate spaces in the house that they live in. And Roy is saying that's the backwards practice that that that shouldn't be going on. So he's a a sort of leader for modernization, but in an Indian way. The British aren't short either, okay? There were some Brits that were really in theamor of Indian culture. They loved the food and they loved the beautiful clothing and they loved the stories and the literature and the music and so they were very into this adventure of of being in India. But then there's also the Brits that are like these people are are, you know, not Christian, they're not modern, they're not, um you know, just sort of that classic social Darwinist attitude towards other people. And so even within sort of British colonial society, there is a disagreement about um how to approach the people that they are now governing. And the British leaders, I think this is the last slide that will just be. The British leaders are um are really encouraging, particularly young Indian people to go to England, to get a British education, to travel, um they think it will make them more British and more appreciative of British customs and culture. um and so people like Mohatandhi or Moandas is his name, um become lawyers in the British system. He studies law. um but what ends up happening is it actually backfires and these young educated bright Indian people travel and feel how different they are from British society. They realize the attitude that British society has towards them. And when they learn in the the European style, they're also learning about things like nationalism, right? That that countries of self determination can, you know, they can get their own independence. And so when they come back, when they come back with is this sense of Indian identity and enough education to spread it.. And so in 1885, the first Indian national congress rate think Indian nationalism, all these different groups are thinking of themselves as Indian. We have to create a shared identity here. And so the Indian National Congress is formed, and what they're advocating for is self rule, they want self determination within this empire. They're not trying to get out of the empire, they just want the Brits to let them manage themselves. okay? But once that starts to happen, right? So there's about 20 years between these two things, 18,85 to 1906. When you start talking about what makes an Indian Indian, right? When you're trying to define the national, then within that conversation, the religious tension rises. Because there is some voices that are saying, India's in a new country. If we are saying we are Indian, then that means we are advocating for Hindu self rule. And the Muslims are like, wait a minute, we're Indian too, but we're not Hindu. Some people are saying, it should have no religious identity at all, that that Indian isn't about religion. But this tension is boiling up. By 1906, okay, so in these 20 years, what has happened is that the Muslim members of the Indian National Congress have become convinced that if India actually does get self rule, they won't have a voice in the government, that the Hindus will overrite their voice. And so they aren't necessarily advocating for a self rule in India. They want a state of their own. They want a h a Muslim steep where they know that their voice will will carry. And so by 1906, we've gotten from a you know, sort of the East India Company governing this very divided populace to the British crown trying to hold on to a very large territory that has a sense of itself as separate and is starting to advocate for its own autonomy, but also a deep religious divide within that voice.. I just see one thing. No, yeah. I'm gonna stop there. I've talked to a few minutes. Um, make sure that you have all of your links filled in if you need to try