AP Psych Unit 4 Pt 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Basic survival needs like food, water, and shelter.

Safety Needs: Need for security and protection from harm.

Love and Belongingness Needs: Need for intimate relationships and social connection.

Esteem Needs: Need for self-respect and recognition from others.

Self-Actualization: Achieving personal potential and personal growth.

Lateral Hypothalamus: Stimulates hunger; when damaged, a person may stop eating.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Suppresses hunger; when damaged, a person may overeat.

Leptin Theory: Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin (produced by fat cells) and reduces hunger.

Set Point Theory: Body maintains a preferred weight range by adjusting hunger and metabolism.

Theory X: Assumes people are lazy and need rewards or punishments to work hard.

Theory Y: Assumes people are motivated by personal growth, creativity, and responsibility.

Motivators: Factors that increase job satisfaction (e.g., recognition, achievement).

Hygiene Factors: Factors that prevent dissatisfaction but do not increase satisfaction (e.g., salary, work conditions).

Paul Ekman’s Universal Emotions: Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, contempt.

Plutchik’s Emotion Wheel: Eight primary emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation.

James-Lange Theory: Emotion follows physiological response (e.g., "I cry, therefore I am sad").

Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotion and physiological response occur simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotion is based on physiological response and cognitive label.

Cognitive Appraisal Theory: Emotion results from interpretation of a situation.

Opponent Process Theory: Emotions work in pairs; one is suppressed when the other is activated.

Amygdala: Processes fear and emotional reactions.

Reticular Formation: Acts as an alarm system, triggering arousal.

Sympathetic Nervous System: Activates the "fight or flight" response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body after arousal.

Maslow’s Self-Actualization: Achieving personal potential and growth.

Carl Rogers’ Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting others without judgment.

Conditions of Worth: When acceptance is based on meeting certain expectations.

Eysenck’s Reticular Activation System (RAS) Theory: Extraverts and introverts have different baseline levels of arousal.

• Cognitive Dissonance Theory: The mental discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs or values, which can lead to attitude change.

Reciprocal Determinism: Behavior, environment, and cognitive factors influence each other (Bandura).

Type A Personality: Competitive, impatient, prone to stress.

Type B Personality: Relaxed, laid-back, less prone to stress.

Conscientiousness: Linked to better health and longevity.

Optimism: Linked to better mental and physical health.