Note
Studied by 3 people
Respiratory Class Notes
Pulmonary ventilation: Moving air in and out of the lungs
External respiration: Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) between lungs and blood; O2 in, CO2 out
Internal respiration: Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues; CO2 in, O2 out
Cellular respiration: Sugar + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Respiratory system regulates pH of blood —> NOT O2 !!!!
Hyperventilation = not enough CO2; not enough carbonic acid→Respiratory alkilosis
Why breathe using nose, not mouth?
Filters coarse materials using VIBRISSAE (Nose hairs)
Warms incoming hair (nose can warm the hair)
Cold air can damage thin membrane
Adds moisture
CONCHAE: Inside the nasal cavity; mixes up incoming air → Helps trap smaller particles that made it past the hairs
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE: Connection between nasal cavity and middle ear
UVULA:
HARD PALATE:
SOFT PALATE:
PHARYNX: The throat; Common passageway for food and air
3 regions
Nasopharynx: Back of the throat
Orophasynx:
Separated from nasopharynx by uvula
Separated from laryngopharynx by epiglottis
Laryngopharynx:
Separated from oropharynx by epiglottis
EPIGLOTTIS: Cartilage which closes off the airways named “glottis”; airways are ANTERIOR
Behind hyoid bone
When you swallow, the larynx lifts and hits the epiglottis, so when you swallow, you won’t hit is
LARYNX: AKA - Voice Box or Adam’s Apple
Mostly cartilage
Biggest cartilage = thyroid cartilage
RIght above = hyoid bone
Cricoid cartilage = 2nd notch
Boys have thicker vocal chords after puberty
Pulling tighter = higher
Slck = Low
TRACHEA: Bronchial tree; windpipe
11-12 cartilage rings which branch out into the lungs
Cilia sweep the gunk from lung to mouth to cough;
BRONCHIOLES AND ALVEOLI:
Bronchioles end in alveoli
crtilage is replaced by smooth muscle
Respiratory membrane —> Simple squamous epithelium
Bundled by thousands of capillary
Inhalers have bronchodialators —> Opens up smooth muscle in lungs
Sympathamimetics —> Mimics sympathetic nervous system
Only 2 —> More will increase heart rate
Type 1: Simple squamous epithelium
Type 2: Secrete surfactant
Breaks up water cohesion; soap
Made mo 7
LUNG:
Left lung is smaller; crowded by heart
Right lung has 3 lobes, and 3 secondary bronchi
Left has 2 lobes, and 2 secondary brinchi
Henry’s Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will disolve in the liquid in proprtuon to its partial pressure.
The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility
Various gases in air have different solubilities
CO2 is the most soluble
O2 is 1/20th as soluble as CO2
Nitrogen is practically insoluble in plasma
Oxygen transport:
Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood
Bound to hemoglobin within RBCs (98%)
Dissolved in plasma (2%)
Oxygen transport
Each Hb molecule binds 4 O2 atoms in a rapid and reversible process
Combination is called Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Hemoglobin that has released O2 is called reduced/deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)
Heat, acidity, conecntration of co2
Want airways to be patent → Not closeable
places w heat have the most oxygen
Heat and lactic acid weaken bonds in hemoglobin-oxygen
Co2 is increased, also wanting to grab co2 instead of oxygen
Po2 pco2 (partial pressures), temperature, blood ph
CO2 can be transported in 3 ways
Dissolved in plasma 7-10%
Chemically bound to hemoglobin 20% is carried in RBCs as Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion - 70% is transported as bicarbonate
lungs
right lung has 3 lobes
2 fissures - horizontal and oblique
lobes are independent
left lung has 2 lobes
1 fissure - oblique
pleura
pleura
visceral + perietal (attatched to ribs and diaphragm)
serous fluid inside
controlled by diaphragm (boyles law)
more pressure = less volume → Leaves lungs
less volume = more volume → enters lungs
can be disconnected from ribs, will want to be the smallest size
collapsed lung
pneumothorax - air is in space
hemothorax - blood is in the space
laryngectomy
Stoma to breathe through chest
Co2 + h2o → carbonic acid (h2co3) → hydrogen (h2+) + bicarbonate ion (hco3-)
bicarbonate leaves to digestive system
H2 stays in blood and makes it slightly basic
Co2 from blood mixes with csf, becoming acidic and irritating brain
yawming = backup —> aortic and carotid body chemoreceptors can tell when oxygen levels are low —> yawn = gasp
vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves cranial nerve 9 and 10
central chemoreceptors sense high co2 levels (primary)
peripheral chemoreceptors sense low o2 levels (secondary)
breathing is regulated in pons and medulla
breathing is voluntary adn involuntary - voluntary reflex w involuntary component
medulla has 2 parts which controlls breathing - both say breathe IN, not OUT, just STOP breathing in
drg - dorsal respiratory group - tells diaphragm to contract
involuntary; passive
inspiratory/excitatory
vrg - ventral respiratory group -
voluntary; active
inspiratory/excitatory
pons
prg -
inhibits drg and vrg
medulla is rate of breath; prg is how deep you will breathe
takes energy to breathe in, no energy to breathe out
tidal volume = normal breath (1/2 liter)
oxygenates 98-99% of blood
experatory reserve volume = 1.2 liters
if needed to get rid of more co2 than normal
inspiratory reserve molume = 3 liters
in case w eneed more o2
vital capacity = amount of air i can exchange
even if you breathe out all the air, ther eis still some left
called residual volume (1 l)
total lung capacity = vital capacity + residual capacity ~ 6 liters
someone who smokes uses energy to push air out bc elasticity is lost from pushing air out - barrel chest
Lung cancers: 3 types
squamous cell carcinoma - breathing in pollution
tissues which come in contact w the air
adenocarcinoma - “gland”
cancer of cells which make fluids
second hand smokers
stay encapsulated, easy to remove
changes the shape of the ribs, makes other side work harder +
small cell carcinoma - 99% time in s\mokers
attatched to rib cage and metastasizes