Fundamental Midterm

Here’s a Quizlet-style flashcard set with a question-and-answer format for studying, followed by a separate set just for the examples to keep them organized.

Main Flashcard Set: Fundamentals Midterm Review

Nursing Process

Q: What are the five steps of the nursing process?
A: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation (ADPIE).

Assessment: Normals, Techniques, Positions

Q: What are the normal ranges for vital signs?
A: Temp: 97.8-99.1°F, HR: 60-100 bpm, RR: 12-20 breaths/min, BP: 120/80 mmHg, SpO2: 95-100%.

Q: What are the four basic assessment techniques?
A: Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation.

Q: What is the order of assessment for the abdomen?
A: Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation (IAPP).

IV Fluids and Their Uses

Q: What are isotonic IV fluids used for?
A: Dehydration, blood loss (NS, LR, D5W).

Q: What type of IV fluid pulls water out of the cells and is used for edema or hyponatremia?
A: Hypertonic (D10W, 3% NS).

Infection Control & PPE

Q: What PPE is required for airborne precautions?
A: N95 mask, negative pressure room (e.g., TB, measles, chickenpox).

Q: What is the difference between standard and contact precautions?
A: Standard = gloves for bodily fluids, Contact = gloves + gown (MRSA, C. diff).

Interventions for Abnormal Vital Signs

Q: How do you intervene for hypotension?
A: Give fluids, elevate legs, check for bleeding or dehydration.

Q: What should you do if a patient has tachycardia?
A: Assess the cause (pain, fever, anxiety) and treat the underlying issue.

Charting/Documentation

Q: What does SOAP stand for in documentation?
A: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.

Q: What type of charting focuses on Data, Action, and Response?
A: DAR documentation.

Sleep Cycle & Body Impact

Q: What happens during REM sleep?
A: Dreaming, cognitive function, memory processing.

Q: Which sleep stages are considered deep sleep?
A: Stages 3 & 4 (healing and growth).

Math (Intake & Output Calculation)

Q: How many mL are in 1 oz?
A: 30 mL.

Q: A patient drank 2 cups of water. How many mL is this?
A: 480 mL (1 cup = 240 mL).

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Q: What are the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy?
A: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization.

Sentinel Events

Q: What is a sentinel event?
A: An unexpected event causing serious harm or death (e.g., wrong-site surgery, falls, medication errors).

Restraints

Q: What are the three types of restraints?
A: Physical, chemical, environmental.

Q: How often must a nurse check circulation when using restraints?
A: Every 2 hours.

First Aid, Emergency Care, Fire Safety

Q: What does RACE stand for in fire safety?
A: Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish.

Q: What is the compression-to-breath ratio for CPR?
A: 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

Side Effects of Medications

Q: What are the common side effects of opioids?
A: Respiratory depression, constipation.

Q: What is a major risk of diuretics?
A: Hypokalemia (low potassium).

Pain Assessment & Theories

Q: What does PQRST stand for in pain assessment?
A: Provokes, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time.

Q: What pain theory explains why rubbing a painful area can reduce pain?
A: Gate Control Theory.