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Spring 2024 – PSY 155 - Study Guide Cognitive Module

The Cognitive Revolution & Information-Processing Approach (Readings: Baker & Sperry, 2022; McLeod, 2015)

• • Structuralism What was the comparison to the physical sciences?
    • Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) First experiment in psychology What was it aiming to study?
    • Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) What is he famous for? What did he study, how did he do it, and what did he found?
    • Psychanalytical Movement Sigmund Freud (1855-1939) Why is Freud so famous? Why was he so polarizing?
  • Gestalt Psychology How did it differ from Structuralism?
    • Behaviorist Movement What were the behaviorist known for? What were their views regarding “mental events”?
    • Edward Tolman (1886-1959) What is he famous for? What did he study, how did he do it, and what did he found?
  • Cognitive Revolution What things were behaviorists NOT able to explain?
    • Humans as information processors How was the “computer analogy” useful? → IMPORTANT!
    • Atkinson & Shiffrin Modal Model (1968) “Updated” Memory Model → IMPORTANT!
    • How are cognitive psychologists able to “peer” into the “black box” of the mind?
    • Information-Processing Approach Principles in Human Cognition Limited Cognitive Capacity Inattentional blindness vs change blindness
  • The Mind Is Adaptive What does it mean that our mind makes “best guesses” about the world? Why do we have cognitive biases?
  • Bottom-up processing vs Top-down processing
    • Range of Processes Controlled processes vs automatic processes
    • Cognitive Psychology Strengths vs weaknesses

Spring 2024 – PSY 155 - Study Guide Cognitive Module

Working Memory vs Long-Term Memory (Reading: Mantonakis et al., 2009)

• • William James (1842-1910) Primary vs Secondary Memory ▪ Short-term vs Long-term memory
  • What is rehearsal? What is it’s function in terms of Working Memory?
    • How do we know that Working Memory (i.e., short-term memory) and Long-Term Memory are separate systems? → IMPORTANT! Behavioral evidence ▪ Serial Position Curve (Murdock, 1962; Brodie & Murdock, 1977; Glantzer & Cunitz, 1966)) Mantonakis et al. (2009) → Serial Position in Choices
    • Neuropsychological evidence ▪ Double dissociations
    • Why do we call it “Working” memory?
  • Working Memory Capacity George Miller (1920-2012) ▪ 7 ± 2 “bits” of information
  • Chunking ▪ 4± 1 “chunks” of information

Levels of Processing (Reading: Soderstrom & McCabe, 2011)

• • What is incidental memory? What did Craik and Lockhart (1972) meant by saying that “most learning in everyday life is incidental”?
  • Types of Rehearsal Maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal ▪ Shallow vs Deep processing
  • Craik & Tulving (1975) What did they in this study? What did they found? → IMPORTANT!
  • Other types of “deep” processing Self-reference effect (Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977)
  • Generation effect
  • Enactment effect
  • Survival processing (Nairne et al., 2007) Soderstrom & McCabe (2011) → Is survival processing special?

Spring 2024 – PSY 155 - Study Guide Cognitive Module

Attention & Encoding (Reading: Henkel, 2014)

• • Three basic processes in Long-Term Memory Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
  • Encoding errors How does “pay” attention impacts encoding? ▪ Inattentional blindness
  • ▪ Nickerson & Adams (1979)
  • ▪ Blake et al. (2015)
  • ▪ Henkel (2014) → What is the “photo impairment effect” and how does it connect attention and memory? → IMPORTANT
    • What attracts attention? Distinctiveness ▪ Hedwig von Restroff (1906 – 1962) The von Restroff effect (aka, the Isolation effect)

Storage & Retrieval (Reading: Abel et al. 2023)

• • Long-term Memory Limitless storage capacity
  • Storage errors Proactive Interference (Keppel & Underwood, 1962) ▪ Release from Proactive Interference (Wickens, 1973)
  • Abel et al. (2023) → What is Retroactive Interference and how does sleep helps to prevent it?
  • Availability vs Accessibility What does it mean for a memory to be available but not accessible?
  • Encoding Specificity → IMPORTANT! What kind of things can serve as useful retrieval cues? ▪ Context-dependent memory (Godden & Baddeley, 1975)
  • ▪ Mood-dependent memory (Eich & Metcalfe, 1989)
  • ▪ State-dependent memory (Eich et al., 1975)
    • ▪ Transfer-appropriate processing (Morris et al., 1977) Relation to Levels of Processing?

Spring 2024 – PSY 155 - Study Guide Cognitive Module

Episodic vs Semantic Memory (Reading: Pansky & Koriat, 2004)

• • Explicit vs Implicit Memories What does conscious awareness has to do with this distinction?
  • Be sure to be able to provide examples for each one! → IMPORTANT!
  • Explicit Memories: Episodic vs Semantic Differences in terms of: ▪ Affective (emotional) vs non-affective (neutral)
  • ▪ Past vs Present
  • ▪ Personal vs shared
  • What did Tulving (1985) meant by saying that episodic recollection is like “mental time-travel”?
  • How do we know these are separate memory systems? Remember/Know Paradigm
  • Case studies: ▪ Patient L. P. (DeRenzi et al., 1987)
    • ▪ Patient K. C. (Rosenbaum et al., 2005) Retrograde Amnesia Theodule Ribot (1839-1916) ▪ Ribot’s Law What does this tells about the relationship between Episodic and Semantic memory? → IMPORTANT!
  • Structure of Semantic Memory Early (hierarchical) models (Collins & Quillian, 1969) ▪ Similarity to computers
  • ▪ Weakness? Pansky & Koriat (2004) → What is the “optimal” level of abstract representation in memory? What is the “Basic-level Convergence Effect”?
  • Network models (Collins & Loftus, 1975) ▪ Advantages over hierarchical models?
  • ▪ Spreading Activation Model (SAM) What is spreading activation? How can we measure it? ▪ Associative priming
  • Schemata What are schemas?
  • What are “scripts”? ▪ How can schemas aid our memories? (Bransford & Johnson, 1972)
  • ▪ How can schemas distort our memories? (Bewer & Treyens, 1981; Barlett 1932)

Spring 2024 – PSY 155 - Study Guide Cognitive Module

False Memories (Reading: Clancy et al., 2002)

• • Memory Reconstruction What did LeDoux (2009) meant by saying that “your memory is only as good as your last memory”?
  • Why are episodic memories more likely to be reconstructed than semantic memories?
  • Measuring false memories in the laboratory The Misinformation Effect ▪ Loftus & Palmer (1974)
  • ▪ Loftus, Miller, & Burns (1978)
  • The DRM paradigm
  • Autobiographical Interviews ▪ Loftus & Pickrell (1995)
  • Imagination Inflation ▪ Clancy et al. (2002) → How does false memories created in a laboratory setting relate to those in the “real” world?
  • Eyewitness Memory Unconscious Transference (Ross et al., 1994)
  • Simultaneous vs Sequential police lineups