Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function pt. 1
The invention of the compound microscopes progressed the studies of cells.
Most cells cannot be seen without microscope.
A compound microscope has two or more lenses to increase magnifying power.
Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek were two of the earliest scientists to identify and study cells in the late 1600s.
Matthias Schleiden observed that plants were made of cells in 1838.
Theodor Schwann proposed that all living things were made of cells in 1839, known as the cell theory.
Rudolf Virchow added to the cell theory by proposing all cells are made of other cells.
Cell Theory: A theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, cells reproduce, and cells are the basic unit of life.
Cells are enclosed by membrane that lets materials in and out.
Cytoplasm: A jellylike substance that holds building blocks like proteins and nucleic acids.
Also contains organelles.
Organelles: Structures in a cell that have a specific function
A nucleus is one type of organelle.
Prokaryotic cells: Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or any other organelles.
DNA is in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells: Multi-cellular OR single-celled organisms that have a nucleus and other organelles.
DNA is in nucleus.
Organelles in a Eukaryotic cell have specific locations they are held in.
Cytoplasm and cytoskeleton contribute to cell structure.
Cytoskeleton: Network of proteins that is always changing to meet the needs of a cell.
Different fibers make up cytoskeleton
Microtubules give the cell its shape and help move organelles.
Intermediate filaments give strength to a cell.
Microfilaments help cells to move and divide.
Cells mainly focus on making proteins, which are critical to organisms.
Nucleus: Where all the genetic information (DNA) is stores in eukaryotic cells.
Protects DNA and makes DNA available for use.
Nucleus contains nucleolus.
Region where ribosomes are made.
Endoplasmic reticulum: organelle where proteins and lipids are produced.
Also called the ER.
“Rough ER” is studded with ribosomes.
“Smooth ER” has no ribosomes on it.
Ribosomes: small organelles that link amino acids to form proteins.
Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.
Golgi apparatus: organelle that packages, sorts, and delivers proteins in the cell.
Enzymes in golgi apparatus make alters to proteins as well.
Proteins are delivered within the cell and out of the cell.
Vesicles: organelles that transport materials from place to place within the cell.
This is how proteins are carried to and from the Golgi apparatus.
Mitochondria: Organelle that supplies energy to the cell.
Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA from the rest of the cell.
Vacuole: organelle used for storing materials needed by a cell.
In animal cells there are many small vacuoles.
In plant cells there is a central vacuole that contains mostly water.
Lysosomes: Organelles bound to the membrane than contain enzymes.
Defend the cell from outside bacteria and viruses.
Break down old cell parts.
A centrosome is a region of cytoplasm in the cell that makes microtubules.
Contains centrioles.
Centrioles: organelles made of microtubules arranged in a circle.
Centrioles divide DNA during cell division.
Cell wall: structure outside the membrane of a plant cell.
gives support, shape, and protection to the cell.
Chloropasts: organelles that carry out photosynthesis to create energy for plant cells.
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into molecules that the cells uses for energy.
Chloropasts have their own ribosomes and DNA like mitochondria.
Cell membrane: The boundary between a cell and the outside environment.
Controls what materials come in and out of a cell.
Has a double layer of phospholipids.
Has additional molecules like cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates that help protect the cell.
Phospholipid: A molecule that has a charged phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acid chains.
Glycerol and phosphate groups form the head of the Phospholipid (polar)
The fatty acid chains form the tail. (nonpolar)
Fluid Mosaic Model: Model that shows the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.
Selective Permeability: Property that only allows some materials to cross through.
Selective Permeability allows a cell to maintain homeostasis.
There is less interference from the outside environment that impacts the cell.
Molecules within the cell can act like signals to communicate with other cells.
Receptor: A protein that detects a signal molecule and responds with action.
A ligand is a molecule a receptor binds to.
An intracellular receptor is located inside the cell.
Molecules that can cross the cell membrane can bind with an intracellular receptor.
Membrane receptors are in the cell membrane.
Molecules that can’t cross the cell membrane can bind with a membrane receptor.
The invention of the compound microscopes progressed the studies of cells.
Most cells cannot be seen without microscope.
A compound microscope has two or more lenses to increase magnifying power.
Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek were two of the earliest scientists to identify and study cells in the late 1600s.
Matthias Schleiden observed that plants were made of cells in 1838.
Theodor Schwann proposed that all living things were made of cells in 1839, known as the cell theory.
Rudolf Virchow added to the cell theory by proposing all cells are made of other cells.
Cell Theory: A theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, cells reproduce, and cells are the basic unit of life.
Cells are enclosed by membrane that lets materials in and out.
Cytoplasm: A jellylike substance that holds building blocks like proteins and nucleic acids.
Also contains organelles.
Organelles: Structures in a cell that have a specific function
A nucleus is one type of organelle.
Prokaryotic cells: Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or any other organelles.
DNA is in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells: Multi-cellular OR single-celled organisms that have a nucleus and other organelles.
DNA is in nucleus.
Organelles in a Eukaryotic cell have specific locations they are held in.
Cytoplasm and cytoskeleton contribute to cell structure.
Cytoskeleton: Network of proteins that is always changing to meet the needs of a cell.
Different fibers make up cytoskeleton
Microtubules give the cell its shape and help move organelles.
Intermediate filaments give strength to a cell.
Microfilaments help cells to move and divide.
Cells mainly focus on making proteins, which are critical to organisms.
Nucleus: Where all the genetic information (DNA) is stores in eukaryotic cells.
Protects DNA and makes DNA available for use.
Nucleus contains nucleolus.
Region where ribosomes are made.
Endoplasmic reticulum: organelle where proteins and lipids are produced.
Also called the ER.
“Rough ER” is studded with ribosomes.
“Smooth ER” has no ribosomes on it.
Ribosomes: small organelles that link amino acids to form proteins.
Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.
Golgi apparatus: organelle that packages, sorts, and delivers proteins in the cell.
Enzymes in golgi apparatus make alters to proteins as well.
Proteins are delivered within the cell and out of the cell.
Vesicles: organelles that transport materials from place to place within the cell.
This is how proteins are carried to and from the Golgi apparatus.
Mitochondria: Organelle that supplies energy to the cell.
Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA from the rest of the cell.
Vacuole: organelle used for storing materials needed by a cell.
In animal cells there are many small vacuoles.
In plant cells there is a central vacuole that contains mostly water.
Lysosomes: Organelles bound to the membrane than contain enzymes.
Defend the cell from outside bacteria and viruses.
Break down old cell parts.
A centrosome is a region of cytoplasm in the cell that makes microtubules.
Contains centrioles.
Centrioles: organelles made of microtubules arranged in a circle.
Centrioles divide DNA during cell division.
Cell wall: structure outside the membrane of a plant cell.
gives support, shape, and protection to the cell.
Chloropasts: organelles that carry out photosynthesis to create energy for plant cells.
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into molecules that the cells uses for energy.
Chloropasts have their own ribosomes and DNA like mitochondria.
Cell membrane: The boundary between a cell and the outside environment.
Controls what materials come in and out of a cell.
Has a double layer of phospholipids.
Has additional molecules like cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates that help protect the cell.
Phospholipid: A molecule that has a charged phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acid chains.
Glycerol and phosphate groups form the head of the Phospholipid (polar)
The fatty acid chains form the tail. (nonpolar)
Fluid Mosaic Model: Model that shows the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.
Selective Permeability: Property that only allows some materials to cross through.
Selective Permeability allows a cell to maintain homeostasis.
There is less interference from the outside environment that impacts the cell.
Molecules within the cell can act like signals to communicate with other cells.
Receptor: A protein that detects a signal molecule and responds with action.
A ligand is a molecule a receptor binds to.
An intracellular receptor is located inside the cell.
Molecules that can cross the cell membrane can bind with an intracellular receptor.
Membrane receptors are in the cell membrane.
Molecules that can’t cross the cell membrane can bind with a membrane receptor.
