Lifespan Development_ CH9

Late Adulthood Overview

Late adulthood spans the period from mid-sixties until death and is recognized as the longest developmental stage in the lifespan. This chapter delves into key aspects of late adulthood, including demographic changes, theories on human aging, and an examination of the physical, cognitive, and socioemotional transformations that occur in this age group. Additionally, the chapter addresses ageism and common myths about late adults, aiming to present a diversified view of this demographic.

Learning Objectives

Late Adulthood Definition and Demographics

• Current demographics: Describe the rise in individuals categorized as late adults.

• Future projections: Explain trends in late adulthood across the globe and factors contributing to these changes, particularly in the U.S.

• Gender and ethnic differences: Explore disparities among various demographic groups in the late adult population.

• Theories of aging: Discuss the various frameworks developmental psychologists use to describe the aging experience.

• Life span vs life expectancy: Clarify the concepts and how they apply to the aging population.

• Age categories: Define the four distinct categories of late adulthood: young-old (65-74), old-old (75-84), oldest-old (85-99), and centenarians (100+).

• Centenarians: Explain factors leading to individuals reaching 100 years of age.

Late Adulthood in America

Currently, late adulthood - individuals aged 65 and above - represents the fastest-growing portion of the U.S. population, with one in seven Americans falling into this category. The baby boomer generation, born between 1946 and 1964, significantly contributes to this increase, with approximately 10,000 baby boomers turning 65 every day. By 2050, projections reveal that nearly 25% of Americans will be over 65, with a noticeable increase in life expectancy compared to previous generations. Specifically, individuals who turned 65 in 2015 are expected to live approximately 19 years longer than those who reached that age in 1950. This aging trend is referred to as the "Graying of America," impacting various aspects of society, including healthcare, employment, and social security.

The "Graying" of the World

Globally, the aging population is expanding at an even faster rate, with developed countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan experiencing over 20% of their populations as individuals aged 65 and older. For instance, Japan is predicted to have the oldest demographic, with 40% projected to be over 65 by 2050. In contrast, the U.S. will see its aging population grow from 13.7% in 2012 to around 22% by 2050. A substantial increase in older individuals is anticipated in less developed nations as well, attributed to declines in fertility and increasing longevity.

Life Expectancy vs Lifespan

• Lifespan is defined as the maximum age reached by individuals within a population, currently between 120-125 years for humans.

• Life expectancy, however, refers to the average years a person is expected to live, which varies significantly across different regions due to economic and health disparities. As of 2019, global life expectancy was estimated at 72 years, with females outliving males consistently worldwide.

• Factors contributing to longevity include improved healthcare, better nutrition, and advancements in medical technology.

Healthy Life Expectancy

The concept of Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE) evaluates not only longevity but the quality of life, wherein individuals live healthy and independent lives. As of 2016, the global HLE was 63.3 years, indicating a significant increase. However, disparities exist, with regions such as Africa experiencing the lowest HLE (53.8 years) compared to areas like the Western Pacific (68.9 years).

Life Expectancy in America

As of 2017, the U.S. life expectancy stood at 78.6 years, showing a decline largely due to rising rates of drug overdoses, liver diseases, and increases in suicide rates. Specific demographic groups demonstrate varied life expectancies, indicating ongoing social and health service disparities.

American Healthy Life Expectancy

In the United States, the Healthy Life Expectancy for those aged 65 was evaluated based on data from 2007-2009, showing considerable variation across states. Notable findings reveal that women generally have a higher HLE than men, and socioeconomic factors significantly influence these health outcomes.

Gender Differences in Life Expectancy

Biological Explanations

Biological factors, including differences in sex chromosomes and hormone levels, contribute to longevity. Females typically have protective hormonal functions, particularly from estrogen, which benefits heart health and supports the immune system more effectively than in males. Recent studies spotlight the vulnerabilities in male health patterns and lifestyle choices as significant contributors to shorter life spans.

Lifestyle Factors

Behavioral patterns play a crucial role in the gender discrepancies observed in life expectancy. Males engage in more dangerous occupations and display higher tendencies toward risky behaviors, resulting in lower overall health outcomes. Health insurance accessibility also varies, with men less likely to seek regular medical care compared to women.

Age Categories in Late Adulthood

Young–Old (65-74)

This category typically encompasses individuals who are relatively healthy, engaged in social activities, and often still part of the workforce. Retaining independence and emotional well-being is prevalent among this group.

Old-Old (75-84)

Characterized by an increase in chronic health issues, this age category sees a rise in physical impairments and health-related challenges that can necessitate more support.

Oldest-Old (85-99)

Individuals in this group face significant health challenges, accounting for a substantial portion of hospital admissions and healthcare expenditures. Approximately 18 million of the oldest-old are expected by 2050 in the U.S. This demographic continues to require serious care and presents substantial implications for healthcare systems.

Centenarians (100+)

Finally, centenarians embody a unique part of the oldest-old demographic, with many living healthier lives than previously expected. Notably, a sizable percentage of centenarians experience few chronic illnesses, offering insight into health behavior and genetics that contribute to their longevity. As of 2015, this demographic peaked at nearly half a million individuals worldwide, with projections to rise to millions in coming decades.