perception

Top-down processing

(perception) analysis that emphasizes the our expectations, memories + other cognitive factors, rather than individual characteristics.

you read title then look for faces

Bottom-up processing

(sensation) analysis that emphasizes characteristics of stimuli than our concepts and expectations

look at horse picute, and u notice horses first

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Schema

Perceptual set

believe is to see-through expierence we expect certain results

AKA: set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects our , top down, and 5 senses..

Gestalt psychology

belief that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the pieces of sesnory parts

Closure

humans fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

Figure and ground

by gesalt psycologists

-Figure: The part of a pattern that stands out and grabs ur attention

-Ground: part of the pattern that doesnt, background

(applied to vision + hearing )

Proximity

we group nearby objects together

Similarity

tendency to group similar objects together bc of our perception

Attention

focusing awareness range of stimuli

Selective attention

focusing of our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Cocktail party effect

ability to identify one voice out of many around you

Inattentional blindness

failureto see visible objects bc our attention is driven somewhere esle

Change blindness

failure to notice change in the environment around us.

Binocular depth cues

People who perceive depth

images from two eyes differ

^with bionocular is Retinal disparity

Images from the two eyes differ--our retinas receive different images of the world, when brain compares the images it decides distance

Convergence

eyes turn inward as object gets closer

Monocular depth cues

depth cue that is available to each eye separately

Relative clarity

clear amd more detailed objects are perceived as closer

Relative size

if 2 objects are similar in size,--we believe the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be further

Texture gradient

monochular cue- example of Linear Perspective

Objects that are further will appear to have a finer smoother texture the further it is

Linear perspective

Parallel lines that appear to converge in the distance

-sharper the angle of convergence=greater perceived distance

Interposition

Objects that block other objects tend to be perceived as closer

Apparent movement

as we move objects which are stable may appear to move with us