The overarching goals of the C of V was to restore Europe back to the way it was prior to the French Revolution. (No answer here, just know this.)

21. What are the three specific goals of the C of V?

a. “Balance of Power” restore Europe to a balanced state where no one country had too much power. Restore borders to pre-Revolution places.

b. New political map of Europe!

c. Congress of Vienna: Napoleon had eliminated or combined many monarchies. Current rulers were afraid that France’s Revolution would spread to other countries

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22. While Europe’s leaders will succeed to meet the goals of the Congress, what does it cause throughout Europe? Widespread anger

23. What two political philosophies are created in the wake of the Congress of Vienna? Liberation and Conservatism

Be able to complete the following chart:

24. Liberalism Conservatism

All male property owners get vote Who rules? Monarchs and nobles, inherited rule

Protect rights of Liberty & Property Goals of Gov’t Keep order, maintain stability

Republic with Constitution Form of Gov’t Monarchy based on heredity

Laissez faire- gov’t takes hands off business Economy Controlled by Nobles

Freedom of Religion Religion Established State Church

Italian Unification

25. What is Nationalism? Nationalism is the… desire of a people for self-rule

26. What is Nationalism based on common cultures, language and heritage of a group of people.

27. Whose event started nationalism in Europe? Napoleons occupation of Euro in the early 1800s

28. What did nationalistic people feel it was time to form? Their own nations

29. How did nationalism grow?

a. National pride

b. Democratic ideals

c. Economic competition

30. What did cause did Sarah Parker Remond, a prosperous black American support in America by lecturing in Britain? (see lecture slide 4 if necessary, to answer) American anti-slavery campaigns

31. In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

32. Italy (the place) was culturally important because Rome was the center of which church? The Catholic Church

33. Italy also had a long history of classical civilizations

34. What three things divided Italy?

a. Cultural differences

i. Different dialects of Italian

ii. Foreign control influenced Italians in different ways

b. Economic differences

i. Poor transportation

ii. North had industry, South agriculture.

c. Political differences

i. The Congress of Vienna divided it politically

ii. Spain and Austria controlled parts of Italy at various times.

35. Looking at the political division of Italy prior to unification map, which 4 areas was Italy divided into?

a. Kingdom of Two Sicily’s ruled by a French king.

b. Papal States: ruled by the Pope.

c. Sardinia: Ruled by an Italian

d. All Austrian controlled

36. Giuseppe Mazzini was the Heart of the I.U. (Italian Unification).

37. What failed thing did Mazzini led in 1848? A nationalistic revolution

38. Who was the king of Sardinia who eventually became the King of Italy and was a leader in Italian Unification? Victor Emmanuel II

39. Who was his Prime Minister who was responsible for uniting Northern Italy? Camille Di Cavour

40. What was the sneaky part of the Cavour’s plan that led to Austria and France going to war which led to Austria leaving Italy and Sardinia gaining control of Northern Italy? Austria not knowing about France and Sardinia’s secret alliance

41. Who as the military commander who gained control of Southern Italy and Sicily, eventually joining it with Northern Italy? Giuseppe Garibaldi

42. What supported a union of the South and the North in Oct. 1860? National vote

43. In Feb 1861 The North and South were united under Victor Emmanuel II, what was the one place that remained to join? Rome and the Papal States

44. Where did capital of Italy have to move to get the Pope to agree to unification? From Florence to Rome

45. After Italian Unification what country is born? Italy

German Unification

46. Prior to its unification What political organization made up most of what would become Germany? Holy Roman Empire

47. Besides geography what major thing divided the German people? Religious differences

48. What denomination of Christianity made up most of…

a. Northern Germany? Catholics

b. Southern Germany? Protestants

49. Which war was the most significant in dividing and devastating the Holy Roman Empire? The 30 years’ war

50. What percentage of Germans dies in this this war? 25-33%

51. What major things tied Germans together? Common language and traditions

52. Napoleon dismantled the Holy Roman Empire, after the Congress of Vienna, German lands was organized how many states? 39

53. The two dominant states of the 39 were longtime political rivals Austria and Prussia

54. What did Prussia start as? Monastic crusader state

55. What geographic region did Prussia dominate? Northern Germany

56. Prussia was famous for its strong and efficient military.

57. What king of Prussia wanted to unite the German states into one country? King William (or Wilhem) I

58. Who was the King of Prussia’s Prime Minister? Otto Von Bismarck

59. Two concepts the Prussian Prime minister believed in was…

a. “Blood and Iron” a powerful military force to ensure Prussia’s place in the world

b. “Realpolitik”, justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

60. Bismarck’s plan to united the German States under the banner of Prussia required a common cause war. This would ensure that all German united to defeat that enemy. Then the victory would be used to justify the unification of the country.

61. The war that was used was the 30-years’ war.

62. Who won the Franco-Prussian War? Prussia

63. What happened on January 18, 1871? William I became Kaiser

64. His reign known as the… Second Reich

Reich = German word for Empire.

65. Who became German chancellor? Bismarck

66. Who fired Bismarck in 1890? Wilhelm II

67. What did the aggressive Kaiser Wilhelm II want? War and violence

Note