[GENBIO2-FT-LESSON 1] CARDIO-RESPIRATORY-DIGESTIVE

Introduction

• Human Anatomy and Physiology

  • Instructor: John Diezel G. Mama-o

  • Course: General Biology 2

  • Focus: Understanding the structure and functions of the human body.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy

  • Definition: Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.

• Physiology

  • Definition: Study of how the body and its parts function.

Organ Systems Overview

Cardiovascular System

• Functions:

  • Transports materials via blood pumped by the heart, including:

    • Oxygen

    • Carbon dioxide

    • Nutrients

    • Wastes

Respiratory System

• Functions:

  • Supplies blood with oxygen.

  • Removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

• Functions:

  • Breaks down food for nutrient absorption into the blood.

  • Eliminates indigestible materials.

Skeletal System

• Functions:

  • Protects and supports body organs.

  • Provides muscle attachment for movement.

  • Site of blood cell formation.

  • Stores minerals.

Muscular System

• Functions:

  • Allows locomotion.

  • Maintains posture.

  • Produces heat.

Reproductive System

• Functions:

  • Production of offspring.

• Key Components:

  • Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vas deferens, penis, vagina, testis, scrotum.

Endocrine System

• Functions:

  • Secretes regulatory hormones for:

    • Growth

    • Reproduction

    • Metabolism

Lymphatic System

• Functions:

  • Returns fluids to blood vessels.

  • Disposes of debris.

  • Involved in immunity, destroying bacteria and tumor cells.

Integumentary System

• Functions:

  • Forms the external body covering.

  • Protects deeper tissues from injury and drying out.

  • Synthesizes vitamin D.

  • Contains cutaneous nerve receptors.

Urinary System

• Functions:

  • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes.

  • Maintains acid-base balance.

  • Regulates materials including water and electrolytes.

Nervous System

• Functions:

  • Fast-acting control system.

  • Responds to internal and external changes.

  • Activates muscles and glands.

Cardiovascular System

Overview

• A closed system involving the heart and blood vessels.

• Functions:

  • Pumps blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients.

  • Removes carbon dioxide and waste products.

The Heart

• Location: Thorax, between lungs.

• Structure:

  • Muscular organ about the size of a fist.

  • Contains four chambers:

    • Right atrium

    • Left atrium

    • Right ventricle

    • Left ventricle

Heart Valves

• Ensure one-way blood flow:

  • Atrioventricular valves:

    • Bicuspid (left)

    • Tricuspid (right)

  • Semilunar valves:

    • Pulmonary semilunar valve

    • Aortic semilunar valve

Blood Flow Circulation

Blood Circulation Pathways

• Pulmonary Circuit:

  • Moves blood between the heart and lungs for gas exchange.

• Systemic Circuit:

  • Moves oxygenated blood from heart to body and returns deoxygenated blood.

Blood Vessels

• Types:

  • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood.

  • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood.

  • Capillaries: Connect arterioles and venules; site of nutrient and gas exchange.

Blood Characteristics

Blood Composition

• Types:

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells).

  • Leukocytes (white blood cells).

  • Platelets (cell fragments).

Physical Characteristics of Blood

• Color:

  • Oxygen-rich: scarlet red

  • Oxygen-poor: dull red

• pH Range: 7.35–7.45

• Temperature: Slightly higher than body temperature.

Blood Plasma

• Composition:

  • ~90% water.

  • Contains nutrients, salts, gases, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

Leukocytes

Types of White Blood Cells

• Granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

• Agranulocytes:

  • Lymphocytes, monocytes.

Function of Leukocytes

• Crucial in defense against disease.

• Move in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis).

Platelets

• Derived from megakaryocytes.

• Essential for blood clotting; normal count around 300,000/mm3.

Blood Clotting Process

• Clots occur within 3 to 6 minutes after injury and are dissolved after tissue repair.

Human Blood Groups

• Blood contains genetically determined proteins (antigens).

• Blood typing is done using antibodies to identify specific proteins.

Respiratory System

Overview

• A group of organs that facilitate breathing.

• Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; helps regulate blood pH.

Organs of the Respiratory System

• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Function of the Respiratory System

• Facilitates gas exchange at alveoli of the lungs and purifies air through nasal passages.

Events of Respiration

• Pulmonary Ventilation: Moving air in and out of lungs.

• External Respiration: Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli.

Digestive System

Overview

• A group of organs that breaks down food for energy and nutrient absorption.

• Eliminates unutilized materials (e.g., fiber).

Organs of the Digestive System

• Alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.

Processes in the Mouth

• Mastication: Chewing for food breakdown.

• Mixing food with saliva and initiation of swallowing for taste.

Major Digestive Organs

• Stomach: Storage and breakdown of food, producing chyme.

• Small Intestine: Major site for nutrient absorption.

• Large Intestine: Reabsorbs water and eliminates waste.

Accessory Digestive Organs

• Salivary glands, teeth, pancreas, liver, gallbladder.

Salivary Glands Functions

• Produce saliva to aid in digestion and taste perception.

Pancreas Functions

• Produces digestive enzymes and neutralizes acidic chyme.

Liver Functions

• Largest gland; detoxifies substances, produces blood proteins, and metabolizes nutrients.

Gallbladder Functions

• Stores bile to assist in fat digestion.