MT, Chapter 7 - The Nervous System + Mental Health

how does the nervous system control the body?

how does the nervous system control the body?

neurotransmitters + electrical impulses

what is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

brain, spinal cord

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?

all other nervous tissue (excluding brain and spinal cord)

function of the somatic nervous system?

controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles

function of the autonomic nervous system/visercal NS (ANS)?

controls smooth + cardiac muscles, regulates responses to stress, maintains homeostasis

dendrite

part of a neuron, carries impulses towards cell body

axon

part of neuron, carries impulses away from cell body

what are the three types of neurons?

sensory, motor, interneurons (between the other two)

what is the connection point between 2 neurons called?

synapse

what is a nerve?

bundle of neurons fibres in the PNS, contains sensory + motor fibres

ganglion?

collection of cell bodies along a nerve

neur/o

the nervous system

gangli/ganglio-

ganglion

mening/o, meninge/o

meninges

myel/o

spinal cord

radicul/o

spinal nerve root

-phasia

speech

-lalia

speech, babble

-lexia

reading

-plegia

paralysis

-paresis

partial paralysis

-lepsy

seizure

-phobia

irrational fear

-mania

obsession

the cerebrum is

the largest part of the brain, composed of white matter

the cerebral cortex

has a thin outer layer of grey matter, used for higher brain functions

the cerebrum is divided into __ _________________ by ______________ ______________

2 hemispheres, longitudinal fissures

what does the diencephalon contains

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

thalamus (2)

receives sensory info, directs info to proper cortex

hypothalamus (3)

controls pituitary gland, link between endocrine + nervous system, maintains homeostasis

cerebellum controls

voluntary movement, posture, coordination, balance

parts of the brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain

reflex centres for improved vision + hearing

pons

contains fibres that connect different parts of the brain

medulla oblongata

connects brain - spinal cord, all impulses to + from heart pass through. breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

what protects the brain?

cerebrospinal fluid (produced in 4 ventricles), meninges (3 protective layers)

dura mater

tough outer layer of the meninges

arachnoid

web like middle of meninges

pia mater

thin layer that attaches brain to spinal cord

encephal/o

brain

cerebr/o

cerebrum

cortic/o

cerebral cortex

cerebell/o

cerebellum

thalam/o

thalamus

ventricul/o

ventricle

medull/o

medulla oblongata, spinal cord

psych/o

mind

narc/o

unconsciousness

somn/i, somn/o

sleep

spinal cord extends from...

the medulla oblongata to the first/second L vertebrae

what does the spinal cord consist of?

white + gray matter (contain tracts that carry impulses to + from the brain), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

what are the segments of the spinal nerves?

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

what 2 roots are nerves joined by?

posterior (sensory to spinal cord), anterior (carries motor impulses away from SC)

ANS has 2 divisions

parasympathetic, sympathetic

sympathetic nervous system (SNS) [4]

fight or flight, increases heart rate + respiration, delivers blood, activates adrenaline producing gland

parasympathetic (2)

returns body to normal, back to steady state

afferent

carrying to a certain point

what does the brain consist of?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves connected to the brain

efferent

carrying away from a place

gray matter

unmyelinated tissue

gyrus

raised part of the cerebrum

neuroglia

supportive cells of nervous system

neurotransmitter

chemical that transfers energy across synapses

reflex

simple, automatic response to a stimulus

root

branch of spinal nerve connecting to spinal cord (dorsal and ventral grey horn)

motor, sensory

impulses going from and to the CNS

sulcus

shallow grooves, like on the surface of the cerebrum

white matter

myelinated tissue

stroke

something blocks blood supply causing tissue death

thrombosis

blood clot, diagnosed w CT, treated with cartoid endaracectomy

aneurysm

dilation of vessel, may rupture

cerebral contusion

bruising of the surface of the brain

epidural hematoma

bleeding btwn. dura and the skull, from blows to the side of head

subdural hematoma

bleeding btwn. the dura and the arachnoid, blow to the front or back

concussion

results from fall or blow to the head

coma

state of unconsciousness, cannot be woken

bacterial meningitis (stiff neck)

inflammation of meninges, diagnosed with lumbar puncture

viral meningitis/encephalitis

could include rabies, polio, HIV

shingles

nerve infection, can spread along peripheral nerves

tumors in NS usually involve...

gliomas

meningioma

tumor of the meninges

multiple sclerosis

loss of myelin sheath in CNS, vision problems, numbness, tremors

parkinsons disease

failure of midbrain to secrete dopamine, tremors, rigidity, mood swings, cured w L-Dopa

Alzheimers

degeneration of neurons, memory loss, confusion

epilepsy

seizures caused by abnormal brain activity, can be brief or major, diagnosed w/ EEG

dyssomnia

general term for all sleeping disorders, insomnia - insufficient sleep, narcolepsy - attacks of sleep

sleep apnea

failure to breath when asleep caused by obstruction

polysomnography

study in sleep lab, non rapid (deep sleep, NREM) and rapid eye (dream, REM) movement

generalized anxiety disorders

anxious, always worrying, irritability

panic disorder

anxiety w/ episodes of intense fear

phobias

extreme fears about objects, sensations or places

OCD

condition w/ repetitive behaviours to control anxiety

PTSD

disorder caused by intense trauma + other emotional struggles

depression

prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

dysthymia

trauma triggered depression

BPD

depression with manic episodes

psychosis

mental state w/ flawed perception of reality, delusions, paranoia, hallucinations

schizophrenia

chronic psychosis