AICE History EOC Study Guide

Study Guide EOC:

Civil War and Reconstruction:

Causes of the civil war

• Failure for the North and South to Compromise

• Sectional Tension between North and South: Arguments over Fugitive Slave Act, Dred Scott Decisions (AfricanAmericans were not citizens so courts and rights didn’t apply to them). Abolitionist, Kansas/ Nebraska Act (bleeding Kansas)

• Lincoln becoming President: South felt they couldn’t trust him and stopping the expansion of Slavery would ultimately end slavery

• During the War: Anaconda plan- suffocated the confederates by controlling the Mississippi

• Fort Sumter- First shots fired Lincoln didn’t send Aid

• Battle of Gettysburg- turning point of the war. Stopped Lee’s advance North and Lincoln gave the address to unite the nation

• Battle of Vicksburg- another turning point of the war. Union takes the Mississippi

• Emancipation Proclamation- Made the war a moral issue to end slavery. Prior to this it was about the south seceding the Union

Reconstruction:

• Lincoln’s 10 percent plan. 10 percent of loyal voters from states in the south would have to sign a loyal oath to the union and then they would receive their seats in Congress back

• Lincoln didn’t want to punish the South he wanted to restore it

• Radical Republicans: wanted harsh punishments to the South, opposed Lincoln’s plan it was to soft on the South, helped the freed African Americans mostly by encouraging them to vote and education

• Freedman’s bureau- Link that to education for the freed African Americans

• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments gave African Americans civil liberties (abolish slavery, citizenship, voting) ( connection: citizenship protected them under the constitutional)

• Jim Crow laws- legalized segregation and caused discrimination throughout the South.

• Sharecropping- kept the freed African in debt to the landowners ( may also see tenant farmers or debt peonage, it is all basically the same)

• Black codes and nadir of freed people- led to one of the most racist times in American history. Life would not be much better for the African Americans

Challenges out west

• Assimilation- making the native Americans to live their traditions and beliefs and adapt to Americanize culture

• Homestead Act- Land grants to encourage settlement in the west

• Dawes Act- Assimilate farmers to become farmers and divided lands into individual plots.

• Reservation system- basically as long as the Native Americans stayed on the reservations they could maintain there culture

• Transcontinental Railroad- connected the East to the West encouraging settlement and trade across America

• Granger Laws- to regulate shipping and trading prices along the railroad

• Populist party- support the farmers against the Railroad industry

Industrialization

• Robber Barons- John D. Rockefeller ( Standard Oil company), JP Morgan ( Investment banking) Andrew Carneige ( Steel company) this man created trust companies ( monopolized these industries)

• This was the age of prospering  in America mainly because Gov’t stayed out of the market allowed the big business to expand America

• Any protest were over wages, working conditions, and hours

• Bessemer process – created a way to mass produce steel

• Interstate Commerce Act- Federal Gov’t took control of railroad pricing

• Horizontal Integration- Companies in the same industry merge together

• Vertical Integration- Merge companies to control every aspect of building that product

• Knights of Labor- labor union for all workers, skilled or unskilled. Immigrants all races everybody

• American Federation of Labor- Mostly a skilled labor union

• 18th Amendment- prohibition

• 19th Amendment- Women’s suffrage ( right to vote)

• Muckrakers- Journalist who exposed the social injustice

• Upton Sinclair- Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industry

• Jacob Riis- Photographs of how the other half lives. Photos of urban life

• Ida Tarbell- exposed the moral issues of John D. Rockefeller and the standard oil company

• Women’s Christian Temperance Union- fought against alcohol

Imperialism

• America’s manifest destiny to expand beyond it’s borders

• Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power stressing the importance of a strong Navy

• Roosevelt’s Big Stick diplomacy- speak softly but carry a big stick.

• Monroe Doctrine- warning European countries to not try to colonize in the Western Hemisphere. Basically, The U.S. will protect the neighboring islands or territories

• Dollar Diplomacy- Protect trade and investments in Latin America and Asia

• Moral Diplomacy- Wilson’s approach to foreign policy, promoting democratic ideals.

• Platt Amendment- Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease land for naval bases. There is a clause that U.S. will withdrawal

• Great White Fleet- Roosevelt parading Battleships to the world

• Teller Amendment-America will not annex Cuba after the Spanish American war

• Roosevelt Corollary- U.S. could intervene to preserve peace and order in the Western Hemisphere and protect U.S. interests.

• USS Maine- sunk in the Cuba harbor. America blamed the Spanish so they could start the war

• Yellow Journalism- Spread propaganda about Spain to get U.S. citizen’s support for the war with Spain.

WWI

• Selective Service act- Created a national draft

• Conscientious objector- People who signed up to join the war efforts but refused to carry a gun

• Cash and Carry- Straight cash homey, the U.S. would sell wartime goods to nations, but they have to pay cash and transport themselves

• Nationalism – pride in one’s nation

• Militarism- Country ruled by military ideas

• Reparations- war payments, Germany will be the only country charged

• Lusitania- A passenger liner sunk by a German U boat. Got the American public to support war efforts

• Sussex Pledge- A pledge warning by Germany to not sink passenger liners without reason and spare civilian lives

• Zimmerman Note- A note intercepted by British intelligence. German was trying to get Mexico as an ally

• War bonds- any time you see the word Bond it is about money, investments, etc..

• Schenk v. U.S.- made propaganda against the war efforts illegal under the Espionage act

Great Depression and New Deal

• Installment buying- financing everything

• Buying on the Margin- borrowing money to invest in the stock market

• Bull market- stock prices are steadily rising

• Hooverville- shanty places where people lived to protest Hoover’s administration

• Hoover’s trickle down economics- bail out the big industries and let them trickle money back into the economy

• Agricultural Adjustment Act- bail out the farmers by subsidizing their land ( pay them to not farm in  certainareas)

• Civilian Conservation Corp- Recruited males 17-24 to work on the conservations

• Tennessee Valley Authority- Hydro-electricity and flood control. Created jobs and raised the standard of living

• Any Tariff vocab- raised tariffs to promote American business

• 3Rs of FDR new deal- Reform, relief, recovery

• Speculation- predictions on the stock market that ultimately made the market crash

• Social Security act- retirement for old age citizens and unemployment insurance

• Black Tuesday- the Tuesday the market crashed

WWII

• Adolf Hitler- Nazi Germany

• Joseph Stalin- Soviet Union

• Benito Mussolini- Italy

• Winston Churchill- Great Britain

• America- FDR

• Appeasement- yielding to an enemy’s demands in order tomaintain peace. How every  country delt with Hitler allowing him to build strength

• Atlantic Charter- Meeting with FDR and Churchill on an aircraft carrier in the Atlantic to go over post war goals

• Lend lease Act- lend arms to Great Britain

• Manhattan project- to build the atomic bomb

• Hiroshima- City for the atomic bomb

• Battle of Midway- America defeats Japan allowing to island hop on the way to Japan

• D-day- America along with others storm the beach at Normandy turning point during the war

• Nuremberg trials- Nazis stood trial for their involvement in the holocaust

• Tuskegee Airman- All black Airforce who escorted the bombers to their targets

• Double V. Campaign- fighting a war on two fronts

• Yalta Conference- FDR, Stalin, and Churchill met to discuss post war plans

Cold Wars

• Red Scare- fear of the spread of Communism

• Iron Curtain- Ideological barrier that existed between Eastern and Western Europe

• McCarthyism- Accusing people of being communist or Russian spies without evidence. Making citizens paranoid.

• Warsaw pact-Soviet Union’s counter to NATO

• Sputnik- First artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union

• Truman Doctrine- Economic and military relief to aid countries resisting communism.

• Marshal Plan- Offer European countries funds to help recover after the war.

• 38th parallel- Split Korea in two parts North (communism) and South (democratic)

Civil Rights movement:

• Brown v board education- ended segregation in public schools

• NAACP- fought for civil rights provided lawyers, spokesman, and funding

• March on Washington- Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his famous speech and unites the nation

• Freedom Riders- rode across the South for equality

• Malcolm X- Violent protest and religious protest. Didn’t mind being separate.

• Black Panther Party- Formed to protect against police brutality and protect the community

• Civil Rights act of 1964- prohibited discrimination in public places

• Civil Rights act of 1968- Prohibited discrimination in the housing market and made hate crimes federal crimes.

• Little Rock Nine- Nine students who had to escorted in by military when Arkansas finally integrated their public schools.

• Regents of University of Cal. V. Blake- affirmative action

• Swan v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Ed.- integrated buses to school

Vietnam and the Nixon Presidency

• Doves- People who wanted to slow down the fighting in Vietnam

• Hawks- People who wanted to step up the fighting in Vietnam

• Lyndon B. Johnson- Took over presidency after Nixon was impeached

• Gulf of Tonkin incident- North Vietnamese fired on U.S. destroyers

• Gulf of Tonkin resolution- Allowed the U.S. to use all measures necessary to prevent further attacks.

• Geneva Accords- Ended the fight between the French and Viet Minh and splitting Vietnam into North and South at the 17th parallel

• Paris Peace Accords- ended U.S. direct involvement in Vietnam. Ceasefire and withdrawal of troops.

• Tet Offensive- North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam during the Tet holiday. Breaking an unwritten rule of no fighting on this holiday

• Vietnamization- Nixon trying to turn the war over to South Vietnam and gradually withdraw U.S. troops out of the Vietnam war

• Pentagon Papers- Daniel Ellsberg leaked top secret papers which revealed how the previous administration had deceived Congress and the public about Vietnam.

• Watergate scandal- Burglars broke into Democratic headquarters and started shredding papers trying to cover up situations during Nixon’s administration. He was later impeached because of this.

1980s – present

• Camp David Accords- Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt put together by Jimmy Carter U.S. president

• Iran-Contra Affair- A scandal during Reagan’s administration where they sold weapons to Iran in return of the release of U.S. hostages and then sent the money to the Contras in Nicaragua

• Reagan Doctrine- President Reagan’s policy of openly supporting anticommunist insurgents and movements around the world.

• Patriots Act- required to intercept and obstruct terrorism. Loosen restrictions on intelligence gathering. People questioned if it was a violation of civil liberties.

• Election of 2000- George W. Bush beats Al Gore. Controversy from Florida on counting votes.

• Globalization- the integration of cultures, economies and politics of nations around the world.