1. ~13.82 billion years ago, the Big Bang created the _____________ from a point source.

   • Universe

2. Where did the heavier elements (like C, O, Si, Ca, Mg, K, and Fe) that make up the bulk of the Earth originate?

   • In very massive stars

3. A very massive star may collapse and explode at the end of its life. This is a:

   • Supernova explosion

4. Which is the best explanation for the formation of the moon?

   • A planetesimal the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the Earth

5. Which of the following best describes the material that makes up the Earth's asthenosphere?

   • a rigid solid

6. The lithosphere is made up of the uppermost mantle and the

   • Crust

7. ________________ is thick (30 - 75 km), old (up to 4,400,000,000 years), composed of felsic (granitic) silicates, light (~2.7 g/cm3), and is highly deformed by folding

   • Continental crust

8. Which is the thinnest physical (mechanical) layer of the Earth?

   • Lithosphere

9. Approximately how old is the oldest oceanic crust?

   • 180,000,000 years

10. The Earth’s core is composed mainly of

    • Iron

11. The only layer of the Earth that is a liquid is the

    • Outer Core

12. Which of the following principles CANNOT be used to determine the relative age of rocks?

    • Relativity

13. An undeformed sedimentary layer is __________ than the layer above and ____________than the layer below.

    • older--- younger

14. The cross sections of crust below represent two regions of sedimentary rock layers that have been altered. The sedimentary bedrock in both regions originally formed as ________________.

• Horizontal layers

15. The study of fossil succession allows ___________.

    • matching of similarly-aged rocks from different outcrops

16. Which is the youngest feature in the figure below?

• Dike A

17. Which geologic principle was most useful in determining the answer in the preceding question?

    • Cross-Cutting Relationships

18. A disconformity is ___________.

    • an erosional surface between horizontal sedimentary rocks

A

19. Which of the following units is the youngest?

    • A

20. George Geologist finds that unit F contains eroded pieces of granite (unit G). Which of the following statements is true?

    • Unit F is younger than unit G

21. The horizontal line labeled X-X' is a(n) ________ .

22. Fault

23. Angular unconformity

24. Nonconformity

25. Disconformity
    

22. ___________________ was a classical and biblical scholar who created a careful and critical chronology of human history, including the date of the Creation of the Earth (4004 BC).

23. James Ussher

24. Edmond Halley

25. George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

26. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

27. Ernest Rutherford

23. Who actually figured out that radioactive decay can be used to date rocks?

24. James Ussher

25. Edmond Halley

26. George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

27. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

28. Ernest Rutherford

24. Which of the following represents the longest time period?

25. Precambrian (name collectively given to Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons)

26. Mesozoic

27. Cenozoic

28. Paleozoic

25. You live in the ________________ era.

26. Cenozoic

27. Mesozoic

28. Paleozoic

29. Phanerozoic

26. Tyrannosaurus Rex lived during the Upper Cretaceous period (roughly 100-66 Ma ago) in the ________________era.

27. Cenozoic

28. Mesozoic

29. Paleozoic

30. Phanerozoic

27. Both you and Tyrannosaurus Rex live (lived in the case of T-Rex…) in the _____________ eon.

28. Hadean

29. Archean

30. Hadean

31. Phanerozoic

28. ______________ describes two atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

29. solid solution

30. polymorphism

31. isotopes

32. isomorphs

29. Atoms of AA decay to atoms of BB with a half-life of 100,000 years. If there are 20,000 atoms of AA to begin with (and 0 atoms of BB), how long will it take for there to be 2,500 atoms of AA? Hint- how many half-lives have elapsed?

30. 100,000 years

31. 200,000 years

32. 300,000 years

33. 400,000 years

30. Which of the following radioactive isotopes is most useful for dating a very young sample (<20,000 years) of wood?

31. rubidium-87

32. uranium-238

33. carbon-14

34. potassium-40

35. Silicon-28

31. Which of the following is NOT one of the several naturally occurring radioactive isotopes useful for dating rocks?

32. Uranium-238

33. Uranium-235

34. Potassium-40

35. Silicon-28

36. Rubidium-87

32. Radiometric dating is possible if a rock contains a measurable amount of ________ .

33. only parent isotopes

34. only daughter isotopes

35. both parent and daughter isotopes

36. either parent or daughter isotopes

33. Uranium-238 decays to which of the following daughter isotopes?

34. rubidium-87

35. uranium-235

36. lead-206

37. nitrogen-14

34. Which of the following is the correct order from LONGEST to SHORTEST time span?

35. Period, era, eon

36. Era, eon, period

37. Eon, era, period,

38. Period, eon, era

39. Era, period, eon

35. Who proposed Continental Drift?

36. Harry Hess

37. Alfred Wegener

38. Sam Warren Carey

39. William Smith

36. The supercontinent in the Continental Drift hypothesis was called ___________

37. Gondwana

38. Laurasia

39. Pangaea

40. Rodinia

37. Which of the following was NOT used in support of the Continental Drift hypothesis?

38. fossil evidence

39. ancient climate belts

40. fit of the continents  (particularly South America and Africa)

41. paleomagnetism

38. The map below shows the present-day locations of South America and Africa. Remains of Mesosaurus, an extinct reptile, have been found in similarly aged bedrock at locations X and Y. Which statement represents the most logical conclusion to draw from this evidence?

5. Mesosaurus migrated across the ocean from location X to location Y

6. Mesosaurus came into existence on several widely separated continents at different times.

7. The continents of South America and Africa were joined when Mesosaurus lived.

8. The present climates at locations X and Yare similar

39. __________________ are scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion.

40. Striations

41. Tills

42. Sediments

43. Breccias

40. Evidence about ancient climates indicates that ____________.

41. glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia

42. continents in the Northern Hemisphere today were once centered over the South Pole

43. continents in the Southern Hemisphere today were once centered over the North Pole

44. no continents occupied the Southern Hemisphere

41. What was the main reason the Continental Drift hypothesis was rejected?

42. The scientist who proposed it was not well liked by other scientists

43. The scientist who proposed it could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents

44. The evidence supporting Continental Drift was sketchy at best

45. It did not coincide with Biblical accounts

42. When did geologists develop the theory of plate tectonics?

43. in the mid-1800’s

44. in the early 1900’s

45. in the 1940’s

46. in the 1960’s

43. According to the theory of plate tectonics, ____

44. the asthenosphere is divided into plates

45. the lithosphere is divided into plates

46. __the a__sthenosphere moves over the lithosphere

47. __the a__sthenosphere is strong and rigid

44. In the plate tectonic theory, a plate can be made up of ____.

45. continental lithosphere only

46. oceanic lithosphere only

47. both continental and oceanic lithosphere

48. both continental and oceanic asthenosphere

45. Which of the following statements about convection is true?

46. Heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow.

47. cool material flows upward and displaces hot material

48. hot material flows upward and displaces cool material

49. random circulation occurs

46. Approximately how fast does a tectonic plate move?

47. several millimeters per year

48. several centimeters per year

49. several meters per year

50. several kilometers per year

47. New seafloor is created at a ____________?

48. deep-sea trench

49. mid-ocean ridge

50. subduction zone

51. volcanic mountain chain

Use the figure below to answer the following questions:

48. What process is illustrated in the figure?

49. __Su__bduction

50. Sea floor spreading

51. Destruction of old crust

52. __M__etamorphism

49. What do the stripes represent?

50. Magnetic reversals

51. Different types of sedimentary rocks

52. Different colored basalts

53. Different types of metamorphic rocks

50. The descent of the oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of ______.

51. Accretion

52. Subduction

53. Divergence

54. Contraction

51. Which of the following features is not associated with a convergent plate boundary?

52. a mid-ocean ridge

53. __eart__hquakes

54. a deep-sea trench zone

55. __volc__anic activity

52. Which of the following is a geographic example of a transform boundary?

53. San Andreas Fault, California

54. Andes Mountains, West Coast of South America

55. Cascade Mountains, West Coast of North America

56. Sunda Megathrust Fault, Indonesia

53. An example of modern continental rifting (divergent plate boundary) is

54. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

55. The East African Rift Valley

56. The East Pacific Rise

57. The Andes Mountains

54. A _____________ plate boundary is illustrated in the figure below.

55. Convergent

56. Divergent (ocean-ocean)

57. Divergent (continental rift)

58. Transform

55. Each element has a unique number of :

56. Protons

57. Neutrons

58. Electrons

59. All of these

56. How many neutrons are in an atom of 6C12?

57. 6

58. 18

59. 12

60. Not enough information is given

57. The atomic mass number of an element is the __________.

58. number of protons

59. number of neutrons

60. number of protons plus neutrons

61. number of electrons

58. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are no longer electrically neutral are called :

59. Polymorphs

60. Ions

61. Isotopes

62. Isobars

59. H2 is an example of which type of bonding?

60. Ionic

61. Covalent

62. Metallic

63. Bail

60. Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of a mineral?

61. Naturally occurring

62. Inorganic

63. Solid substance

64. Specific, orderly crystalline structure

65. Variable chemical composition

61. The two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are _______________.

62. calcium and carbon

63. oxygen and nitrogen

64. iron and nickel

65. oxygen and silicon

62. Most common rock-forming minerals are ______________.

63. Silicates

64. Carbonates

65. Oxides

66. Sulfides

63. What is the most common structural element of the silicate mineral group?

64. a silicon-oxygen octahedron

65. a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

66. a silicon-aluminum tetrahedron

67. a silicon-nitrogen tetrahedron

64. Clay minerals are common examples of _________ silicate structures.

65. 3D framework

66. single chains

67. 2D sheet silicates

68. Independent tetrahedral

65. What type of mineral is calcite (CaCO3)?

66. carbonate

67. single chain silicate

68. double chain silicate

69. ring silicate

66. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a member of which mineral group?

67. Carbonates

68. Halides

69. Oxides

70. Sulfides

67. A(n) ______________ is a negatively charged element or element group such as Cl- or CO3 -2

68. Anion

69. Cation

70. Radioactive ion

71. Polymorph

68. ________________ is/are the most common member of the silicate group, comprising more than 50% of Earth’s crust.

69. Quartz

70. Feldspars

71. Micas

72. Olivine

69. Which of the following minerals does NOT belong to the Native Element mineral group?

70. Gold

71. Copper

72. Silver

73. Diamond

74. Quartz