Note
Studied by 1 person2017 Fall Exam 1 Test A
~13.82 billion years ago, the Big Bang created the _ from a point source.
- Universe
Where did the heavier elements (like C, O, Si, Ca, Mg, K, and Fe) that make up the bulk of the Earth originate?
- In very massive stars
A very massive star may collapse and explode at the end of its life. This is a:
- Supernova explosion
Which is the best explanation for the formation of the moon?
- A planetesimal the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the Earth
Which of the following best describes the material that makes up the Earth's asthenosphere?
- a rigid solid
The lithosphere is made up of the uppermost mantle and the
- Crust
__ is thick (30 - 75 km), old (up to 4,400,000,000 years), composed of felsic (granitic) silicates, light (~2.7 g/cm3), and is highly deformed by folding
- Continental crust
Which is the thinnest physical (mechanical) layer of the Earth?
- Lithosphere
Approximately how old is the oldest oceanic crust?
- 180,000,000 years
The Earth’s core is composed mainly of
- Iron
The only layer of the Earth that is a liquid is the
- Outer Core
Which of the following principles CANNOT be used to determine the relative age of rocks?
- Relativity
An undeformed sedimentary layer is than the layer above and __than the layer below.
- older--- younger
The cross sections of crust below represent two regions of sedimentary rock layers that have been altered. The sedimentary bedrock in both regions originally formed as __.
- Horizontal layers
The study of fossil succession allows ___.
- matching of similarly-aged rocks from different outcrops
Which is the youngest feature in the figure below?
- Dike A
Which geologic principle was most useful in determining the answer in the preceding question?
- Cross-Cutting Relationships
A disconformity is ___.
- an erosional surface between horizontal sedimentary rocks
A
Which of the following units is the youngest?
- A
George Geologist finds that unit F contains eroded pieces of granite (unit G). Which of the following statements is true?
- Unit F is younger than unit G
The horizontal line labeled X-X' is a(n) .
Fault
%%Angular unconformity%%
Nonconformity
Disconformity \n
_ was a classical and biblical scholar who created a careful and critical chronology of human history, including the date of the Creation of the Earth (4004 BC).
==James Ussher==
Edmond Halley
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
Ernest Rutherford
Who actually figured out that radioactive decay can be used to date rocks?
James Ussher
Edmond Halley
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
@@Ernest Rutherford@@
Which of the following represents the longest time period?
^^Precambrian (name collectively given to Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons)^^
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Paleozoic
You live in the __ era.
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Phanerozoic
Tyrannosaurus Rex lived during the Upper Cretaceous period (roughly 100-66 Ma ago) in the __era.
Cenozoic
^^Mesozoic^^
Paleozoic
Phanerozoic
Both you and Tyrannosaurus Rex live (lived in the case of T-Rex…) in the _ eon.
Hadean
Archean
Hadean
Phanerozoic
describes two atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
solid solution
polymorphism
==isotopes==
isomorphs
Atoms of AA decay to atoms of BB with a half-life of 100,000 years. If there are 20,000 atoms of AA to begin with (and 0 atoms of BB), how long will it take for there to be 2,500 atoms of AA? Hint- how many half-lives have elapsed?
100,000 years
200,000 years
%%300,000 years%%
400,000 years
Which of the following radioactive isotopes is most useful for dating a very young sample (<20,000 years) of wood?
rubidium-87
uranium-238
@@carbon-14@@
potassium-40
Silicon-28
Which of the following is NOT one of the several naturally occurring radioactive isotopes useful for dating rocks?
Uranium-238
Uranium-235
Potassium-40
%%Silicon-28%%
Rubidium-87
Radiometric dating is possible if a rock contains a measurable amount of .
only parent isotopes
only daughter isotopes
==both parent and daughter isotopes==
either parent or daughter isotopes
Uranium-238 decays to which of the following daughter isotopes?
rubidium-87
uranium-235
^^lead-206^^
nitrogen-14
Which of the following is the correct order from LONGEST to SHORTEST time span?
Period, era, eon
Era, eon, period
Eon, era, period,
Period, eon, era
Era, period, eon
Who proposed Continental Drift?
Harry Hess
@@Alfred Wegener@@
Sam Warren Carey
William Smith
The supercontinent in the Continental Drift hypothesis was called ___
Gondwana
Laurasia
%%Pangaea%%
Rodinia
Which of the following was NOT used in support of the Continental Drift hypothesis?
fossil evidence
ancient climate belts
fit of the continents (particularly South America and Africa)
==paleomagnetism==
The map below shows the present-day locations of South America and Africa. Remains of Mesosaurus, an extinct reptile, have been found in similarly aged bedrock at locations X and Y. Which statement represents the most logical conclusion to draw from this evidence?
Mesosaurus migrated across the ocean from location X to location Y
Mesosaurus came into existence on several widely separated continents at different times.
%%The continents of South America and Africa were joined when Mesosaurus lived.%%
The present climates at locations X and Yare similar
____ are scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion.
@@Striations@@
Tills
Sediments
Breccias
Evidence about ancient climates indicates that .
^^glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia^^
continents in the Northern Hemisphere today were once centered over the South Pole
continents in the Southern Hemisphere today were once centered over the North Pole
no continents occupied the Southern Hemisphere
What was the main reason the Continental Drift hypothesis was rejected?
The scientist who proposed it was not well liked by other scientists
%%The scientist who proposed it could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents%%
The evidence supporting Continental Drift was sketchy at best
It did not coincide with Biblical accounts
When did geologists develop the theory of plate tectonics?
in the mid-1800’s
in the early 1900’s
in the 1940’s
in the 1960’s
According to the theory of plate tectonics, ____
the asthenosphere is divided into plates
the lithosphere is divided into plates
the asthenosphere moves over the lithosphere
the asthenosphere is strong and rigid
In the plate tectonic theory, a plate can be made up of ____.
continental lithosphere only
oceanic lithosphere only
@@both continental and oceanic lithosphere@@
both continental and oceanic asthenosphere
Which of the following statements about convection is true?
Heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow.
cool material flows upward and displaces hot material
@@hot material flows upward and displaces cool material@@
random circulation occurs
Approximately how fast does a tectonic plate move?
several millimeters per year
^^several centimeters per year^^
several meters per year
several kilometers per year
New seafloor is created at a ?
deep-sea trench
^^mid-ocean ridge^^
subduction zone
volcanic mountain chain
Use the figure below to answer the following questions:
What process is illustrated in the figure?
Subduction
^^Sea floor spreading^^
Destruction of old crust
Metamorphism
What do the stripes represent?
==Magnetic reversals==
Different types of sedimentary rocks
Different colored basalts
Different types of metamorphic rocks
The descent of the oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of .
Accretion
@@Subduction@@
Divergence
Contraction
Which of the following features is not associated with a convergent plate boundary?
^^a mid-ocean ridge^^
earthquakes
a deep-sea trench zone
volcanic activity
Which of the following is a geographic example of a transform boundary?
@@San Andreas Fault, California@@
Andes Mountains, West Coast of South America
Cascade Mountains, West Coast of North America
Sunda Megathrust Fault, Indonesia
An example of modern continental rifting (divergent plate boundary) is
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
%%The East African Rift Valley%%
The East Pacific Rise
The Andes Mountains
A _ plate boundary is illustrated in the figure below.
Convergent
^^Divergent (ocean-ocean)^^
Divergent (continental rift)
Transform
Each element has a unique number of :
==Protons==
Neutrons
Electrons
All of these
How many neutrons are in an atom of 6C12?
6
18
12
Not enough information is given
The atomic mass number of an element is the __.
number of protons
number of neutrons
==number of protons plus neutrons==
number of electrons
Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are no longer electrically neutral are called :
Polymorphs
Ions
Isotopes
Isobars
H2 is an example of which type of bonding?
Ionic
==Covalent==
Metallic
Bail
Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of a mineral?
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Solid substance
Specific, orderly crystalline structure
==Variable chemical composition==
The two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are _.
calcium and carbon
oxygen and nitrogen
iron and nickel
oxygen and silicon
Most common rock-forming minerals are .
Silicates
Carbonates
Oxides
Sulfides
What is the most common structural element of the silicate mineral group?
a silicon-oxygen octahedron
%%a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron%%
a silicon-aluminum tetrahedron
a silicon-nitrogen tetrahedron
Clay minerals are common examples of _ silicate structures.
3D framework
single chains
@@2D sheet silicates@@
Independent tetrahedral
What type of mineral is calcite (CaCO3)?
==carbonate==
single chain silicate
double chain silicate
ring silicate
Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a member of which mineral group?
Carbonates
Halides
^^Oxides^^
Sulfides
A(n) is a negatively charged element or element group such as Cl- or CO3 -2
==Anion==
Cation
Radioactive ion
Polymorph
__ is/are the most common member of the silicate group, comprising more than 50% of Earth’s crust.
Quartz
Feldspars
Micas
%%Olivine%%
Which of the following minerals does NOT belong to the Native Element mineral group?
Gold
Copper
Silver
Diamond
^^Quartz^^
