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Body Systems - Vocabulary Flashcards

Cardiovascular System

  • Anatomy with Combining Forms

    • Terms to know: cardi/o, coron/o, phleb/o, ven/o
    • Heart structures: Right atrium, Left atrium, Right ventricle, Left ventricle
    • Major vessels: Aorta (aort/o), Arteries (arteri/o), Veins (ven/o), Venules (venul/o), Arterioles (arteriol/o)
    • Lung and tissue components involved in circulation: Lung capillaries, Tissue capillaries
    • Circulation concepts:
    • Pulmonary circulation: right heart → lung capillaries → left heart
    • Systemic circulation: left heart → aorta → arteries/arterioles → tissue capillaries → venules/veins → right heart
    • Appendix 1-1 notes: Red vessels contain blood rich in oxygen; blue vessels contain blood that is oxygen-poor. Arrows indicate the path of blood flow: from tissue capillaries through venules and veins toward the heart, to the lung capillaries, back to the heart, out of the aorta to the arteries and arterioles, and then back to the tissue capillaries.

  • Circulation of Blood (summary of flow path)

    • Pathway in order: tissue capillaries → venules → veins → heart → lung capillaries → heart → aorta → arteries/arterioles → tissue capillaries
    • Emphasize the separation between pulmonary and systemic circuits and how gas exchange is linked to circulation

  • Cardiovascular System Terminology (Part 1 of 2)

    • aort/o → aorta; examples: aortic stenosis
    • arteri/o → artery; arteriosclerosis
    • arteriol/o → arteriole; arteriolitis

  • Cardiovascular System Terminology (Part 2 of 2)

    • angi/o → vessel; angioplasty
    • cardi/o → heart; cardiomyopathy
    • pericardium → the sac around the heart
    • coron/o → heart; coronary arteries

  • Digestive System

    • Appendix 1-2: Digestive pathway overview
    • Food enters the body via the mouth and travels through the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach to the small intestine (duodenum).
    • The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas produce and store chemicals that aid digestion.
    • Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).
    • Substances that cannot be absorbed pass into the colon (large intestine) and leave via the rectum and anus.

  • Digestive System Anatomy with Combining Forms

    • Mouth (or/o, stomat/o), Pharynx (pharyng/o), Esophagus (esophag/o), Liver (hepat/o), Gallbladder (cholecyst/o), Duodenum (duoden/o), Colon (col/o, colon/o), Stomach (gastr/o), Pancreas (pancreat/o), Jejunum (jejun/o), Ileum (ile/o), Sigmoid colon (sigmoid/o), Appendix (append/o, appendic/o), Rectum (rect/o, proct/o), Anus (an/o, proct/o)

  • Digestive System Anatomy – Practice & Pathways

    • Practice items include: Mouth, Liver, Gallbladder, Duodenum, Colon, Appendix, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Jejunum, Ileum, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Anus
    • Pathway concepts to remember: sequence of digestion and absorption across digestive organs

  • Digestive System Terminology (Part 1 of 3)

    • an/o → anus; anal
    • cholecyst/o → gallbladder; cholecystectomy
    • col/o → colon; colon/o; colonoscopy

  • Digestive System Terminology (Part 2 of 3)

    • esophag/o → esophagus; esophageal
    • gastr/o → stomach; gastralgia
    • hepat/o → liver; hepatomegaly
    • or/o → mouth; oral

  • Digestive System Terminology (Part 3 of 3)

    • pancreat/o → pancreas; pancreatitis
    • rect/o → rectum; rectocele
    • sigmoid/o → sigmoid colon; sigmoidoscopy
    • stomat/o → mouth; stomatitis

  • Endocrine System

    • Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Pineal gland, Pituitary gland (hypophys/o, pituitar/o), Parathyroid glands (parathyroid/o), Thyroid gland (thyroaden/o, thyroid/o), Adrenal glands (adren/o, adrenal/o), Pancreas (pancreat/o), Ovaries (oophor/o, ovari/o), Thymus gland (thym/o), Testes (orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o)
    • Appendix 1-3 note: Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream; hormones travel throughout the body and affect organs (including other endocrine glands) and control their actions
    • Endocrine System Terminology (Practice forms)
    • Pineal, Parathyroid, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal glands, Thymus, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes
    • Endocrine Terminology (Part 1 of 2)
    • adren/o → adrenal gland; adrenalectomy; adrenopathy
    • hypophys/o → pituitary gland; hypophyseal
    • pancreat/o → pancreas; pancreatectomy
    • Endocrine Terminology (Part 2 of 2)
    • pancreatectomy, pancreatic terms, and other related terms as listed

  • Lesson 1.2: Body Systems – Female Reproductive, Lymphatic, Male Reproductive

    • Overview of system topics to prepare for comparative anatomy and cross-system connections

  • Female Reproductive System (With Combining Forms) – Anatomy

    • Fallopian tube (salping/o), Uterus (hyster/o, metri/o, uter/o), Cervix (cervic/o), Vagina (colp/o, vagin/o), Ovum (o/o), Ovary (oophor/o, ovari/o)
    • Appendix 1-4A notes: An egg cell (ovum) is produced in the ovary and travels through the fallopian tube. If fertilization occurs, the embryo may implant in the uterine lining. The embryo develops in the uterus for nine months and is delivered through the cervix and vagina.

  • Female Reproductive System – Practice & Practice Forms

    • Practice items: Fallopian tube, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, Ovum, Ovary

  • Female Reproductive System – Terminology (Part 1 of 2)

    • colp/o → vagina; colposcopy
    • vagin/o → vagina; vaginitis
    • hyster/o → uterus; hysterectomy
    • metri/o → uterus; endometrium
    • uter/o → uterus; uterine

  • Female Reproductive System – Terminology (Part 2 of 2)

    • o/o → egg; oocyte
    • oophor/o → ovary; oophorectomy
    • ovari/o → ovary; ovarian cancer
    • salping/o → fallopian tube; salpingectomy

  • Lymphatic System

    • Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Cervical lymph nodes (lymphaden/o), Mediastinal lymph nodes (lymphangi/o), Axillary lymph nodes (lymphangio), Inguinal lymph nodes (lymphangio), Lymph vessels (lymphangi/o), Thymus gland (thym/o), Spleen (splen/o)
    • Appendix 1-5 notes: Lymph originates in tissue spaces around cells and travels in vessels and through lymph nodes to a large vein in the neck where it enters the bloodstream. Lymph contains lymphocytes; spleen produces lymphocytes and disposes of dying blood cells; thymus also produces lymphocytes

  • Lymphatic System – Practice & Practice Forms

    • Practice items: Cervical lymph nodes, Vein that receives lymph, Mediastinal lymph nodes, Axillary lymph nodes, Thymus gland, Spleen, Lymph, Inguinal lymph nodes

  • Lymphatic System Terminology (Part 1 of 2)

    • lymph/o → lymph fluid; lymphoma
    • lymphaden/o → lymph node; lymphadenopathy, lymphadenectomy
    • lymphangi/o → lymph vessel; lymphangi/o, lymphangiectasis

  • Male Reproductive System

    • Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Ureter, Urinary bladder, Prostate gland (prostat/o), Urethra (urethr/o), Vas deferens (vas/o), Penis (balan/o), Scrotum (scrot/o), Testis (orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o), Rectum, Glands supplying semen
    • Appendix 1-6 notes: Sperm cells are produced in the testes and travel through the vas deferens to unite with the urethra; glands near the urethra produce semen
    • Practice forms: Ureter, Urinary bladder, Prostate gland, Urethra, Vas deferens, Penis, Scrotum, Testis, Rectum, Glands supplying semen

  • Male Reproductive System – Terminology (Part 1 of 2)

    • balan/o → penis; balanitis
    • orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o → testis; orchitis; orchidectomy
    • prostat/o → prostate gland; prostatectomy

  • Musculoskeletal System

    • Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Bones and landmarks: Cranium (crani/o), Cervical vertebra, Thoracic vertebra, Lumbar vertebra, Sacrum, Pelvis (pelv/o), Ilium, Ischium, Pubis (pelv/o), Clavicle (clavicul/o), Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Phalanges, Carpals, Metacarpals, Femur, Tibia, Fibula (perone/o), Metatarsals, Tarsals
    • Joints and connective tissues: Joints between bones; ligaments connect bones; tendons connect bones to muscles
    • Shoulder to spine region and major limb muscles listed in anterior and posterior superficial sections (e.g., Latissimus dorsi, Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Gluteus medius, Sartorius, Quadriceps femoris, Trapezius, Deltoid, Pectoralis major, Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii, etc.)
    • Appendix 1-7A: Bones connected to muscles; joints; ligaments; tendons
    • Anterior superficial muscles (selected): Orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis oris, Latissimus dorsi, Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Gluteus medius, Gracilis, Adductor magnus, Sartorius, Quadriceps femoris, Platysma, Sternocleidomastoid, Trapezius, Deltoid, Pectoralis major, Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Triceps brachii, Tibialis anterior, Peroneus longus, Soleus, Gastrocnemius
    • Posterior superficial muscles (selected): Orbicularis oculi, Sternocleidomastoid, Masseter, Buccinator, Trapezius, Deltoid, Triceps brachii, Brachioradialis, Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Rhomboideus major, Latissimus dorsi, External oblique, Gluteus maximus, Adductor magnus, Gracilis, Biceps femoris, Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Achilles tendon

  • Musculoskeletal System Terminology (Part 1 of 2)

    • arthr/o → joint; arthroscopy
    • chondr/o → cartilage; chondroma
    • crani/o → skull; craniotomy
    • ligament/o → ligament; ligamentous
    • leiomy/o → smooth muscle; leiomyosarcoma

  • Musculoskeletal System Terminology (Part 2 of 2)

    • my/o → muscle; myosarcoma; myositis
    • muscul/o → muscle; muscular
    • oste/o → bone; osteomyelitis

  • Nervous System

    • Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Brain regions: Pons, Cerebrum (cerebr/o), Cerebellum (cerebell/o), Brain (encephal/o), Medulla oblongata (medull/o), Spinal cord (myel/o)
    • Nerves: Cervical nerves (1-8), Thoracic nerves (1-12), Lumbar nerves (1-5), Sacral nerves (1-5), Coccygeal nerve; End of spinal cord; Cauda equina
    • Spinal nerves connect brain/spinal cord to body; Peripheral nerves extend beyond CNS; Cranial nerves not pictured in this diagram
    • Nervous System Terminology (Practice forms)
    • Cerebell/o → cerebellum; cerebellar; cerebr/o → cerebrum; cerebral
    • encephal/o → brain; encephalitis
    • myel/o → spinal cord; myelitis
    • neur/o → nerve; neuropathy

  • Respiratory System

    • Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Upper structures: Nose (nas/o, rhin/o), Pharynx (pharyng/o), Larynx (laryng/o); Pleura (pleur/o); Pleural space; Adenoids (adenoid/o); Tonsils (tonsill/o); Epiglottis (epiglott/o); Trachea (trache/o); Bronchial tubes (bronch/o); Alveoli or air sacs (alveol/o)
    • Lungs and airways: Lung (pneumon/o, pulmon/o); Bronchiole (bronchiol/o); Diaphragm (phren/o)
    • Appendix 1-9 notes: Air enters the nose, travels to the pharynx; passes epiglottis and larynx into the trachea; trachea splits into bronchial tubes; bronchial tubes divide into bronchioles ending in alveoli; oxygen passes into capillaries; carbon dioxide leaves via the same route in reverse
    • Respiratory System Anatomy – Practice & Practice Forms
    • Practice items include Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Pleura, Pleural space, Adenoids, Tonsils, Epiglottis, Trachea, Bronchial tubes, Lung, Bronchiole, Diaphragm, Alveoli
    • Respiratory System Terminology (Part 1 of 2)
    • bronch/o → bronchial tube; bronchoscopy
    • bronchiol/o → bronchiole; bronchiolitis
    • laryng/o → larynx; laryng/o; laryngeal
    • nas/o → nose; nasal; rhin/o → nose; rhinorrhea
    • Respiratory System Terminology (Part 2 of 2)
    • pharyng/o → pharynx; pharyngitis
    • phren/o → diaphragm; phrenic
    • pneumon/o, pulmon/o → lung; pulmonary; pneumonectomy

  • Lesson 1.4: Body Systems – Skin and Sense Organs, Urinary System

    • Overview of skin, sense organs, and urinary system topics for integrated study

  • Skin and Sense Organs

    • The Skin – Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Skin components: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue; nerve endings; sebaceous gland; sweat gland; hair follicle; hair root; blood vessels
    • The Skin is described with combining forms: derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
    • The Skin – Practice & Practice Forms
    • The same surface structures are labeled in practice plates
    • Skin and Sense Organs Terminology – The Skin
    • cutane/o → skin; subcutaneous
    • derm/o, dermat/o → skin; epidermis; dermatology
    • The Skin – Hair
    • Hair structures: hair fiber, hair root; Melanocytes; hair-related terms: pilo- and trich/o
    • The Skin – Nails
    • Nail structures: Paronychium, Nail plate, Lunula, Cuticle; NA IL terms: onych/o, ungu/o
    • Nails Terminology (Part 1)
    • onych/o → nail; onycholysis; ungu/o → nail; subungual

  • The Eye

    • The Eye Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Eye components: Optic nerve, Retina (retin/o), Vitreous humour, Sclera, Conjunctiva, Cornea, Lens (phak/o), Pupil, Iris; Eye terms: ophthalm/o, ocul/o
    • The Eye – Practice & Practice Forms
    • The same eye parts labeled in practice plates
    • The Eye Terminology
    • ocul/o → eye; ocular
    • ophthalm/o → eye; ophthalmoscope
    • phak/o → lens of the eye; aphakia
    • retin/o → retina; retinopathy

  • The Ear

    • The Ear Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Parts: Auditory canal; Bones of the middle ear; Auditory nerve; Eardrum (myring/o, tympan/o); Cochlea; Eustachian tube; Ear (aur/o, ot/o); External, middle, and inner ears
    • The Ear – Practice & Practice Forms
    • Labeled anatomy for ear structures
    • Ear Terminology
    • aur/o → ear; aural discharge
    • ot/o → ear; otitis
    • myring/o → eardrum; myringotomy
    • tympan/o → eardrum; tympanoplasty

  • Urinary System

    • Urinary System Anatomy with Combining Forms
    • Adrenal gland, Kidney (nephr/o, ren/o), Ureters (ureter/o), Renal pelvis (pyel/o), Uterus, Urinary bladder (cyst/o, vesic/o), Urethra (urethr/o)
    • Urinary System Practice & Forms
    • Labeled items include ureters, kidney, adrenal gland, renal pelvis, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra
    • Urinary System Terminology (Part 1 of 2)
    • cyst/o → urinary bladder; cystoscopy; vesic/o urinary bladder; intravesical
    • nephr/o → kidney; nephritis
    • ren/o → kidney; renal
    • Urinary System Terminology (Part 2 of 2)
    • pyel/o → renal pelvis; pyelogram
    • ureter/o → ureter; ureterectomy
    • urethr/o → urethra; urethritis

  • Added notes on cross-links and conceptual connections

    • Inter-system links to consider on exam:
    • Endocrine control of the cardiovascular and reproductive systems (hormones influencing heart rate, blood flow, reproduction cycles)
    • Lymphatic system roles in immune defense affecting all organ systems
    • Nervous system control of the respiratory system (breathing rate/volume) and muscles of the chest wall (musculoskeletal integration)
    • Practical implications and areas of ethical/philosophical interest
    • Genetic and hormonal regulation (endocrine) and its impact on development and reproduction
    • Access to and interpretation of diagnostic tests (e.g., colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, pyelography, etc.) and the associated risks and benefits
    • Equations and quantitative references (LaTeX-formatted)
    • Blood flow pathway (simplified schematic):
      \text{tissue capillaries} \rightarrow \text{venules/veins} \rightarrow \text{heart} \rightarrow \text{lung capillaries} \rightarrow \text{heart} \rightarrow \text{aorta} \rightarrow \text{arteries/arterioles} \rightarrow \text{tissue capillaries}.
    • Key practice items to memorize (organ-by-organ quick review):
    • Cardiovascular: heart chambers, major vessels, pulmonary vs systemic circulation
    • Digestive: sequence from mouth to anus, accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
    • Endocrine: major glands and their hormones, endocrine pathway of hormones
    • Female Reproductive: uterus cycle, fertilization sequence, key structures
    • Lymphatic: flow of lymph, spleen and thymus roles in immunity
    • Male Reproductive: path of sperm, accessory glands in semen production
    • Musculoskeletal: key bones, joints, ligaments, tendons; major superficial muscles
    • Nervous: CNS vs PNS, major brain regions and nerve layout
    • Respiratory: path of airflow, gas exchange in alveoli
    • Skin and Sense Organs: skin layers, hair, nails; eye and ear anatomy; hearing and vision basics
    • Urinary: kidneys and urinary tract anatomy, basic functions of nephrons and pelvis

  • Quick cross-reference reminders for exam prep

    • Always map combining forms to the corresponding organ/system
    • Remember the Appendix notes that illustrate color-coding, pathways, and functional sequences
    • Be able to describe the flow of information or substances (blood, lymph, air, urine) in a stepwise fashion with correct anatomical order
    • Distinguish similar-sounding terms (e.g., colp/o vs col/o vs colon/o; myring/o vs tympan/o) by their organ associations

  • Final quick glance by system (study cue checklist)

    • Cardiovascular: heart chambers, vessels, circulation types, major terms
    • Digestive: path from ingestion to excretion, accessory glands, key anatomic terms
    • Endocrine: major glands, hormone pathways, clinical relevance
    • Female Reproductive: reproductive cycle basics, fertilization, part naming
    • Lymphatic: lymph flow, immune organs, lymphocytes role
    • Male Reproductive: sperm formation route, semen glands
    • Musculoskeletal: bone anatomy, joints, muscles, superficial anatomy
    • Nervous: CNS vs PNS, brain regions, nerve types
    • Respiratory: airway path, gas exchange, respiratory muscles
    • Skin and Sense Organs: skin layers, hair/nails, eye/ear anatomy, sense pathways
    • Urinary: kidney structure, urinary tract components, major terms