Lec 8 rev - Mood DOs and Suicide_canvas - Tagged
Key Terminology
Mood Syndrome: Group of symptoms occurring together for a minimal duration, characterized by mood disturbance; may be linked to mood disorders, non-mood psychiatric disorders, or organic mental disorders.
Mood Episode: A mood syndrome without known organic factors or non-mood disorder association.
Mood Disorder: Identified by presence and pattern of mood episodes.
Mood Disorders Categories
Psychological disorders heavily featuring mood symptoms are split into:
Bipolar Disorders
Unipolar (Depressive) Disorders
Determination between bipolar or unipolar relies on mood episode patterns.
Characteristics of Mood Disorders
Depression:
Sadness, anhedonia, low energy, sleep/appetite disturbances, decreased functionality, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts.
Mania:
Euphoria, frenzied activity, risky behaviors, impulsive actions, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem, and grandiose delusions.
Hypomania:
Moderate mania, potentially unnoticed by others; heightened activity and confidence.
Depressive Disorders: Unipolar depression.
Bipolar Disorders: Involve mania/hypomania and depression switching.
Definition of Mood Episodes - Manic Episode
Characteristics (3 or more needed for diagnosis):
Grandiosity, decreased sleep need, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased activity/psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in risky pleasurable activities.
Definition of Mood Episodes - Continued
Distress or functional impairment is significant; must not have delusions or hallucinations for over two weeks without mood disturbance; not due to non-mood psychiatric disorder or known organic factor.
Symptoms of Mania
Emotional: Dramatic mood increases.
Motivational: Need for excitement, attention.
Behavioral: High activity level.
Cognitive: Compromised judgment.
Physical: High energy levels, decreased sleep but high energy sustained.
Definition of Mood Episodes - General
Manic Episode: Distinct elevated mood lasting at least one week, with 3 or more additional symptoms and associated functional impairment.
Hypomanic Episode: Elevated mood not meeting full criteria for mania, also leading to functional impairment.
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Definition of Major Depressive Episode
Requires depressed mood or anhedonia lasting at least two weeks, along with at least four specified symptoms.
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Symptoms of Major Depressive Episode (4 Required)
Weight/appetite fluctuations, sleep disturbances, fatigue, low self-esteem, guilt, indecisiveness, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts or plans.
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Symptoms of Depression
Emotional: Feelings of hopelessness, emptiness.
Motivational: Lack of initiative.
Behavioral: Reduced activity.
Cognitive: Attention and concentration issues, negative self-view.
Physical: Disturbed sleep, appetite fluctuations, pains.
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Mixed Episodes in Bipolar Disorder
Individuals may alternate between manic and depressive symptoms within a single day.
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Suicide Overview
One of the leading causes of death worldwide.
Increasing rates, highlighted by statistics during COVID.
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Suicide Statistics
Significant rates among youth and college students; firearms the leading cause of suicide deaths in US.
Disparities in attempts and completions between genders.
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Depression's Relation to Suicide
Major contributor; treatment non-compliance heightens risks in older adults.
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Helping Someone Who Is Suicidal - 5 Key Steps
Ask about thoughts of suicide.
Help ensure their safety.
Maintain contact regularly.
Encourage professional help.
Follow up to check on their status.
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Definition of Suicide
Suicide as self-inflicted death; categorized into four subtypes based on intent.
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Self-Injury as Subintentional Death
Defined as indirect effort to injure oneself; prevalence among teens noted.
Example of art by a student addressing mental illness awareness.
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Triggers for Suicide
Common stressors:
Loss, financial stress, trauma, social transitions, long-term stressors, and isolation.
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Additional Suicide Triggers
Mood changes, substance misuse, mental illness, and modeling effects of publicized suicides.
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Internet and Suicide Trends
Pro-suicide websites and incidents of live-streamed suicides have surged.
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Prevalence of Bipolar Disorders
Roughly 2.8% of US adults affected; notable functional impairment associated.
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Impact of COVID-19 on Bipolar Disorders
Increased risk for infection and mortality among those with bipolar disorder.
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Types of Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar I: At least one manic episode required.
Bipolar II: At least one major depressive and one hypomanic episode required.
Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic mood shifts with functional impairment.
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Empirically Supported Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc.
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Complementary Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Require combination of medication with therapies like CBT, DBT, family-focused therapy, IPSRT.
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Unipolar Depression Overview
8.5% of US adults suffer severe unipolar depression; higher prevalence in women.
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More on Unipolar Depression
85% recovery rate, many experience recurrent depression.
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COVID-19's Influence on Depression Rates
Sharp increases in depressive symptoms linked to pandemic stressors.
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Types of Depressive Disorders (DSM-5)
Includes Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, PMDD, etc.
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Defining Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders
Criteria for MDD and PDD noted; including absence of manic episodes.
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ESTs for Depressive Disorders
Overview of medications and therapies effective for depression.
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Importance of Treating Depression
Untreated depression linked to long-term brain damage and increased dementia risk.
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Comparison of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Statistics on prevalence, onset, and treatment proportions for various disorders.
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Bipolar I Disorder Criteria
Defined by experience of at least one manic episode.
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Bipolar II Disorder Criteria
Defined by experience of hypomanic episode and major depressive episode.
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Bipolar Disorder Course and Patterns
Mood episodes recur; rapid cycling indicated by four episodes a year.
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Causes of Bipolar Disorders
Research reveals biological leads from neurotransmitter activity and genetic factors.
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Biological Research Insights
Identified brain structure abnormalities and ion activity issues correlate with bipolar disorders.
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Neuron Activity and Bipolar Disorder
Connections of neurotransmitter activity with mood episodes explored.
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Permissive Theory in Bipolar Disorders
Explains serotonin and norepinephrine activities in relation to mood variations.
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Biochemical Theories Overview
Discussion of ion activity critical in neuron firing and bipolar symptomology.
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Neuron Activation Process
Sodium ion movement initiation described; requirement for signaling.
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Potassium Ion Flow in Neurons
Necessary for restoring neurons to resting state following activation.
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Genetic Predisposition in Bipolar Disorders
Insights from family studies indicating higher likelihood within identical twins versus fraternal and other relatives.
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Biological Factors of Unipolar Depression
Genetic, biochemical, and brain circuit considerations linking to depression.
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Neurotransmitters' Role in Depression
Effects of serotonin and norepinephrine confirmed through research and treatment response.
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Brain Circuit Dysfunction in Depression
Abnormal activity in brain areas linked to unipolar depression proposed.
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Immune System's Role in Depression
Connections between stress, immune response, and depression outcomes discussed.
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Cognitive-Behavioral View of Depression
Relation of problematic behaviors and thinking patterns contributing to depression.
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Sociocultural Perspective on Depression
Impact of social rewards and support on depression frequency noted.
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Cyberball Study Exploring Social Exclusion
Explored brain responses linked with social exclusion relevant for depressive episodes.
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Psychodynamic Explanation of Depression
Freud's theory of grief and loss tied to depression and self-directed anger explained.
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Summary of Factors in Depression and Bipolar Disorders
Facts covering biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.
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Integrative Models of Understanding Depression
Developmental Psychopathology perspective suggesting depression emerges from a blend of biological imperatives influenced by early experiences.