Lec 8 rev - Mood DOs and Suicide_canvas - Tagged

Key Terminology

• Mood Syndrome: Group of symptoms occurring together for a minimal duration, characterized by mood disturbance; may be linked to mood disorders, non-mood psychiatric disorders, or organic mental disorders.

• Mood Episode: A mood syndrome without known organic factors or non-mood disorder association.

• Mood Disorder: Identified by presence and pattern of mood episodes.

Mood Disorders Categories

• Psychological disorders heavily featuring mood symptoms are split into:

  1. Bipolar Disorders

  2. Unipolar (Depressive) Disorders

• Determination between bipolar or unipolar relies on mood episode patterns.

Characteristics of Mood Disorders

• Depression:

  • Sadness, anhedonia, low energy, sleep/appetite disturbances, decreased functionality, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts.

• Mania:

  • Euphoria, frenzied activity, risky behaviors, impulsive actions, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem, and grandiose delusions.

• Hypomania:

  • Moderate mania, potentially unnoticed by others; heightened activity and confidence.

• Depressive Disorders: Unipolar depression.

• Bipolar Disorders: Involve mania/hypomania and depression switching.

Definition of Mood Episodes - Manic Episode

• Characteristics (3 or more needed for diagnosis):

  • Grandiosity, decreased sleep need, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased activity/psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in risky pleasurable activities.

Definition of Mood Episodes - Continued

• Distress or functional impairment is significant; must not have delusions or hallucinations for over two weeks without mood disturbance; not due to non-mood psychiatric disorder or known organic factor.

Symptoms of Mania

• Emotional: Dramatic mood increases.

• Motivational: Need for excitement, attention.

• Behavioral: High activity level.

• Cognitive: Compromised judgment.

• Physical: High energy levels, decreased sleep but high energy sustained.

Definition of Mood Episodes - General

• Manic Episode: Distinct elevated mood lasting at least one week, with 3 or more additional symptoms and associated functional impairment.

• Hypomanic Episode: Elevated mood not meeting full criteria for mania, also leading to functional impairment.

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Definition of Major Depressive Episode

• Requires depressed mood or anhedonia lasting at least two weeks, along with at least four specified symptoms.

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Symptoms of Major Depressive Episode (4 Required)

• Weight/appetite fluctuations, sleep disturbances, fatigue, low self-esteem, guilt, indecisiveness, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts or plans.

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Symptoms of Depression

• Emotional: Feelings of hopelessness, emptiness.

• Motivational: Lack of initiative.

• Behavioral: Reduced activity.

• Cognitive: Attention and concentration issues, negative self-view.

• Physical: Disturbed sleep, appetite fluctuations, pains.

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Mixed Episodes in Bipolar Disorder

• Individuals may alternate between manic and depressive symptoms within a single day.

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Suicide Overview

• One of the leading causes of death worldwide.

• Increasing rates, highlighted by statistics during COVID.

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Suicide Statistics

• Significant rates among youth and college students; firearms the leading cause of suicide deaths in US.

• Disparities in attempts and completions between genders.

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Depression's Relation to Suicide

• Major contributor; treatment non-compliance heightens risks in older adults.

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Helping Someone Who Is Suicidal - 5 Key Steps

1. Ask about thoughts of suicide.

2. Help ensure their safety.

3. Maintain contact regularly.

4. Encourage professional help.

5. Follow up to check on their status.

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Definition of Suicide

• Suicide as self-inflicted death; categorized into four subtypes based on intent.

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Self-Injury as Subintentional Death

• Defined as indirect effort to injure oneself; prevalence among teens noted.

• Example of art by a student addressing mental illness awareness.

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Triggers for Suicide

• Common stressors:

  • Loss, financial stress, trauma, social transitions, long-term stressors, and isolation.

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Additional Suicide Triggers

• Mood changes, substance misuse, mental illness, and modeling effects of publicized suicides.

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Internet and Suicide Trends

• Pro-suicide websites and incidents of live-streamed suicides have surged.

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Prevalence of Bipolar Disorders

• Roughly 2.8% of US adults affected; notable functional impairment associated.

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Impact of COVID-19 on Bipolar Disorders

• Increased risk for infection and mortality among those with bipolar disorder.

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Types of Bipolar Disorders

• Bipolar I: At least one manic episode required.

• Bipolar II: At least one major depressive and one hypomanic episode required.

• Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic mood shifts with functional impairment.

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Empirically Supported Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

• Include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc.

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Complementary Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

• Require combination of medication with therapies like CBT, DBT, family-focused therapy, IPSRT.

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Unipolar Depression Overview

• 8.5% of US adults suffer severe unipolar depression; higher prevalence in women.

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More on Unipolar Depression

• 85% recovery rate, many experience recurrent depression.

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COVID-19's Influence on Depression Rates

• Sharp increases in depressive symptoms linked to pandemic stressors.

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Types of Depressive Disorders (DSM-5)

• Includes Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, PMDD, etc.

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Defining Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders

• Criteria for MDD and PDD noted; including absence of manic episodes.

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ESTs for Depressive Disorders

• Overview of medications and therapies effective for depression.

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Importance of Treating Depression

• Untreated depression linked to long-term brain damage and increased dementia risk.

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Comparison of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

• Statistics on prevalence, onset, and treatment proportions for various disorders.

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Bipolar I Disorder Criteria

• Defined by experience of at least one manic episode.

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Bipolar II Disorder Criteria

• Defined by experience of hypomanic episode and major depressive episode.

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Bipolar Disorder Course and Patterns

• Mood episodes recur; rapid cycling indicated by four episodes a year.

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Causes of Bipolar Disorders

• Research reveals biological leads from neurotransmitter activity and genetic factors.

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Biological Research Insights

• Identified brain structure abnormalities and ion activity issues correlate with bipolar disorders.

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Neuron Activity and Bipolar Disorder

• Connections of neurotransmitter activity with mood episodes explored.

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Permissive Theory in Bipolar Disorders

• Explains serotonin and norepinephrine activities in relation to mood variations.

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Biochemical Theories Overview

• Discussion of ion activity critical in neuron firing and bipolar symptomology.

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Neuron Activation Process

• Sodium ion movement initiation described; requirement for signaling.

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Potassium Ion Flow in Neurons

• Necessary for restoring neurons to resting state following activation.

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Genetic Predisposition in Bipolar Disorders

• Insights from family studies indicating higher likelihood within identical twins versus fraternal and other relatives.

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Biological Factors of Unipolar Depression

• Genetic, biochemical, and brain circuit considerations linking to depression.

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Neurotransmitters' Role in Depression

• Effects of serotonin and norepinephrine confirmed through research and treatment response.

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Brain Circuit Dysfunction in Depression

• Abnormal activity in brain areas linked to unipolar depression proposed.

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Immune System's Role in Depression

• Connections between stress, immune response, and depression outcomes discussed.

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Cognitive-Behavioral View of Depression

• Relation of problematic behaviors and thinking patterns contributing to depression.

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Sociocultural Perspective on Depression

• Impact of social rewards and support on depression frequency noted.

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Cyberball Study Exploring Social Exclusion

• Explored brain responses linked with social exclusion relevant for depressive episodes.

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Psychodynamic Explanation of Depression

• Freud's theory of grief and loss tied to depression and self-directed anger explained.

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Summary of Factors in Depression and Bipolar Disorders

• Facts covering biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.

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Integrative Models of Understanding Depression

• Developmental Psychopathology perspective suggesting depression emerges from a blend of biological imperatives influenced by early experiences.