unit 4 - reading notes

10.3 - Responsibility Breeds Moderation

• Jefferson inaugurated in 1801 & Washington DC = capital 

  • 5 years US minister to France → fluent in French & knew world 

  • Inaugural address → said minority should be represented as well → recognized both Federalists & Democratic-Republicans 

  • Unconventional → dressed in sloppy attire, messages to Congress read by clerk, etc. 

    • Conscious/Insecure 

    • Inconsistent → private citizen while also public official 

• Washington DC = simplistic, Philadelphia = elegant (former capital) 

• Win of Dem-Repub over Federalist = first party overturn 

  • Jefferson showed moderation → but Fed appointees in office 

  • Dem-Repubs couldn’t build following like Feds → political parties continued either way 

10.4 - Jeffersonian Restraint

• Undo-Fed abuses like Alien/Sedition acts 

  • Naturalization Law of 1802 → Reduced naturalization from 14 years to 5 

  • Removed Excise Tax → targeted poor farmers 

    • Cost fed gov $1 Mil 

    • Albert Gallatin = Sec of Treasury → strict economy to reduce national debt 

• Left Fed framework → Fed programs to pay off debt, kept bank, didn’t repeal tariff 

10.5 - The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary

• Judiciary Act of 1801 → last law passed by Fed Congress → 16 new fed judgeships + more offices

  • Judges called “midnight judges” because they were signed in last minute

• Resentment → lifetime post w/anti-Jeffersonian partisans → angered Republicans 

  • Look to repeal Act → got rid of midnight judges 

• Eye out for Chief Justice John Marshall → cousin of TJ 

  • Strong-willed, powerful, served at Valley Forge → lifelong Fed bc he wanted strong central gov 

  • Fed party died out but his words stayed → massive influence 

  • Midnight judge gave opportunity → William Marbury learned James Madison was scamming money 

    • Jeffersonians dismissive → Marshall rejected case & avoided political showdown 

    • Marshall ruled part of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional →  = new powers not previously assigned 

      • Judicial Review - Supreme Court has final say on Constitution → slap in face for Jeffersonians 

  • Counter to this → Jeffersonains tried to impeach Samuel Chase → didn’t work & couldn’t pass in Senate 

10.6 - Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

• Jefferson reduces military establishment to 2500 men → less “republican” ideals more idea of transcending above wars & Europe affairs 

• Republicans distrusted large standing armies → dictatorship?? 

• Navies less feared but Jefferson doesn’t want to spend money on war stuff 

  • Reality check when North African Pirates blackmailing ships in Mediterranean 

  • Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US → cutdown flagstaff of American consulate → gauntlet thrown in Jefferson’s face 

    • Launched infant navy to shores of Tripoli → peace treaty in 1805 

    • Tripolitan War → small gunboats fascinated Jefferson → made a “mosquito fleet” 

      • Fast but frail → won Jefferson votes bc no inc taxes 

10.7 - The Louisana Godsend

• Pact signed in 1800 → Napoleon induced king of Spain to give France trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana 

• 1802 Spain withdrew right of deposit by Pickeny’s Treaty → angered farmers who talked about storming New Orleans 

  • Deposit privileges = floated produce down Mississippi to await oceangoing vessels 

• Thomas Jefferson urged to do something → if Napoleon got hands on Louisiana, would take long to kick him back out → another war 

  • Sent James Monroe to Paris to buy New Orleans for max of $10 mil 

  • Said if French took Louisiana → US would ally w/Britain 

• Napoleon sold for 2 reasons 

  • Failed to conquer Haiti which was sugar-rich 

    • Slave Rebellion in 1791 created semi-independent nation 

    • Yellow fever also killed French Troops 

  • Britain conflict about to end after 20 months → scared he would have to give them Louisiana 

    • Hoped US would handle British 

10.8 - Louisana in the Long View

• Louisiana Purchase: Richest river valley in world → “Valley of Democracy” 

  • Jefferson hoped framers would move west → believed self-sufficient farmers were only citizens who could be relied upon to make decision for healthy democracy 

  • New democratic face → French Lousianians learned Washington gov agreed to have legal code based off French law instead of English → Louisiana still French today 

• Indians forced out of homes → expansion for slavery 

• All European powers out of America → break from Old World 

• Corps of Discovery: Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

  • Went from St. Louis to North Dakota to northern prairies, Rockies, and Columbia River  

  • 2 ½ year of exploration → scientific discovery, maps, knowledge of Indians 

    • Herds of Buffalo in Great Plains, Blackfoot Indians in Montana 

    • Also showed how trail to Pacific was possible 

10.10 - A Precarious Neutrality

• Reelection in 1804 → Jefferson drops VP candidate Burr 

  • Burr ran for gov of NY → blames Hamilton who questioned competence & challenged him to duel 

    • Killed Hamilton w/one shot → Hamilton refused to fire 

    • Burr’s career died & so did Fed party 

• Jefferson won w/overwhelming majority 

• After getting rid of Louisiana, Napoleon reignites war w/Britain → US stuck w/old affairs 

  • France most powerful on land, Britain overseas 

  • Couldn’t hurt directly → indirect blows 

    • London gov launched Orders in Council: closed Euro ports under French control to control foreign shipping UNLESS first stopped @ British post 

    • Napoleon seized merchant ships → including American 

  • Impressment: Forcible enlistment of sailors → British concept & stole thousands of men 

    • Chesapeake Affair: Royal warship overhauled U.S. frigate off coast of Virginia → Captain refused to cooperate & British killed 3 men 

    • Jefferson could’ve launched war but didn't 

10.11 - The Hated Embargo

• Dangerous situation → national honor = defend but war = anti-Republican plus weak navy & army bc of Jefferson 

• Jefferson realizes both France & Britain use US for raw materials 

  • Embargo Act: Prohibited export of all goods from US → peaceful coercion 

    • Showed US’s neutrality if successful, if fail = demise of Republic & sucked into war 

      • Hurt New England more than British and France were doing → hit economy hard 

      • Hurt south too bc piles of cotton, grain, tobacco & nowhere to send 

    • Illicit trade boom → Canadian border 

      • Turtle used as symbol - revived Federalist party 

      • Dem-Repubs threatened → repealed Embargo 3 days before Jefferson’s retirement 

  • Substituted w/Non-Intercourse Act 

    • Reopened trade w/everyone except France & England 

    • Didn’t have as big impact on British & French 

      • British blessed w/bumper crops & Latin America ports opened for trade 

      • France could afford w/out US → Napoleon had control over most of Europe 

• Jefferson misunderstood unpopularity of embargo → so hated that it started revolt 

  • New England picked up on manufacturing 

• Still, everything led to war in 1812 

10.12 - Madison’s Gamble

• Madison becomes pres as conflict roars to climax → oath in 1809 

  • Light, bald, weak voice but cripples as President → could not dominate Congress 

• Non-Intercourse Act about to expire → Congress dismantled embargo completely w/Macon’s Bill No. 2

  • Madison angered bc showed US was dependent on other nations → left it dangling for either Britain or France to stop attacking & start trading 

    • Napoleon took his chance → trade restrictions lifted if French decrees disappeared 

    • Madison didn’t trust Napoleon but realized US-France trade could inspire Britain to remove restrictions 

      • Britain did not’ repeal Orders in Council → thought US could trade with them or no one → embargo against Britain placed again 

• Madison’s Gamble fails 

10.13 - Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Twelfth Congress on fire to fight → older “submission men” replaced w/younger “war hawks” 

  • Detested how sailors were being treated & further Orders in Council hurt American trade 

  • Wiped out Indian threat in trans-Allegheny wilderness → Indians pushed out west 

• Two brothers, Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa - “The Prophet” → time to take action 

  • Great Lakes - France had left & US was moving in so Indians couldn’t stay neutral 

  • Both brothers made confederacy of native American tribes east of Mississippi → gave up western ideals like colorful clothing, alcohol, etc. 

• Congress convinced that scalp-buyers in Canada were helping Indians → fall of 1811 William Henry Harrison gathered army & marched on headquarters 

  • Tecumseh absent - recruiting support in the south 

  • Prophet attacked Harrison’s army → Battle of Tippecanoe 

    • Made WHH a national hero - discredited Prophet & drove Tecumseh into alliance w/British 

    • Fought w/redcoats until 1813 - end of Indian confederacy 

10.14 - Mr. Madison’s War

• Spring of 1812 - War w/Britain is inevitable → Britain pointing Indians plus war hawks pressuring 

  • Wipe out Canada → Indians couldn’t be supplied plus would hurt the British 

• Madison → restore confidence in Republican experiment 

  • Previously Dem-Repub ideas led to more internal conflict but now time for assertion of American rights 

    • Democracy & could protect itself → war fever spread - test to determine competence 

• Asks Congress to declare war - June, 1 1812 → congress obliged in 2 weeks 

  • Support came from South, West, & Republican-popular states like Pennsylvania & Virginia 

  • Federalists hated in New England

    • Feds symp w/Britain → hated Napoleon & didn’t trust him  

    • Sent money to Canada & helped British armies invade NY → governors refused to permit militias to serve outside of state 

• Once again divided US but no other choice than to fight the war 

11.1 - On to Canada Over Land and Lakes

• War of 1812 - Reg army was poorly trained - some generals were from Rev War years prior so old & senile 

  • Canada imp battleground bc British weakest there 

    • Could’ve attacked Montreal bc everything would have collapsed but instead went for Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain → failed  

  • British captured Michilimackinac → control of upper Great Lakes is very IMP - led by Issac Brock 

  • Several American invasions unsuccessful in 1813 BUT success w/navy 

    • Better gunners & manned by non-press-gang crews 

    • Better ships than British 

  • Oliver Hazard Perry made fleet of green-timbered ships - captured British fleet → redcoats retreat from Detroit and Fort Malden → beaten @ Battle of Thames 

• By 1814, Americans barely holding out → Napoleon’s adversaries vanished but left British available to fight US 

  • Crushing blow into NY in 1814 but Thomas Macdonough flipped w/close victory 

  • Army forced to retreat & saved upper NY 

11.2 - Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

• 2nd British force landed in Chesapeake Bay 1814 

  • Went to Washington & burned Capitol & White House 

  • Baltimore held strong → fleet hammered Fort McHenry but could not capture 

    • Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner while being detained on a British ship 

• 3rd blow @ New Orleans 

  • Hit entire Mississippi River Valley 

    • Andrew Jackson placed in command right after crushing SW indians @ Battle of Horseshoe Bend 

    • Made up of 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, militiamen from LA, KT, TN 

  • British army blundered in 1815 → killed 2000 in half an hour compared to 70 Americans 

  • Battle of New Orleans = hope bc new victory → Andrew Jackson = national hero 

• Royal Navy retaliated by naval blockade along cost → economic life like fishing was crippled 

11.3 - The Treaty of Ghent

• Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation - brought 5 American peacemakers to Belgian city of Ghent in 1814 

  • Led by John Quiny Adams - son of John Adams 

• British envoys made demands for neutralized buffer state in GL region, control of GL, & part of Maine but Americans rejected 

  • News of American victories made London more willing to compromise 

  • Congress of Vienna - new Napoleonic proposed maps so British occupied 

• Treaty of Ghent signed 1814 was armistice to stop fighting = no grievances 

  • No mention of Indian menace, search & seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, & confiscations  

  • Not a win for US but gave US confidence

11.4 - Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

• New England still defiant - trade w/enemy in Canada 

  • Extremists became more vocal - minority proposed succession 

  • “Blue Light” Federalists - shone lights to alert British cruisers to stop escape of American ships 

• Hartford Convention - Massachusetts issued - group of Feds contemplating treason 

  • Less radical than thought - final report was moderate

    • Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade 

    • 2/3rd Congress vote for proposing embargos, admitting states, or declaring wars 

    • Abolish 3/5ths clause, limit presidents to single term, not allow 2 pres back to back from same state 

  • Carried demands to Washington - last of Fed party 

    • Still talks of succession in New England but never implemented

11.5 - The Aftermath of War

• Small war - only 6,000 Americans wounded 

• Ended in stalemate but had losers - Native Americans 

  • Iroquois nations fell 

  • Tecumseh weakened by Battle of Tippecanoe

    • Death stopped alliance in northern tribes but message in south lived on 

  • Creeks in Alabama began killing Creeks w/white ways of life → knows as Red Sticks

    • Came in conflict w/US army 

• Creek War supplied by Spanish forces in Florida → fought by Creeks & some Cherokee against Americans 

  • Jackson defeated red sticks in 1814 → Treaty of Fort Jackson to give Americans 20 mil acres of land 

  • Indian allies had no choice but to accept → lost land in Old Northwest & land north of Ohio River 

  • New gen of leaders for America → Jackson & Harrison w/good reputations to presidency 

• Candians mad w/Treaty of Ghent 

  • No buffer state

  • Rush-Bagot Agreement: Limited naval armament on lakes - better relations brought border down 

• Napoleon’s defeat @ Waterloo = Europe exhausted → Americans ditched east 

11.6 - Nascent Nationalism

• Increased nationalism bc of war → didn’t win but thought they won 

• Literature from Washington Irving & James Fenimore Cooper got recognition → North American Review began in 1815 

• Ashes of Washington turned into the capital 

• The Navy improved after beating from North Africa 

11.7 - The American System

• American cities small but mechanization began --< textile mills sprouting

  • American manufacturing for cotton & wool 

  • Artisan shops breaking down & machines became popular 

• British flooding American market w/goods → cutting prices below new American factories 

  • Effort to gain back lost ground → seemed as if new target on manufacturing instead of on land 

  • Tariff of 1816: 20-25% on imports - safeguards for American market 

• Henry Clay plan for profitable home market → scheme called American System 

  • Strong banking system which has easy/abundant credit

  • Protective tariff 

  • Network of roads/canals (Ohio Valley especially) 

    • Foodstuffs/raw materials from South and West → manufactured goods back from North and East 

    • Invading Canada failed partially bc of no roads → Congress made move to pay $1.5 mil to states but Madison vetoed saying it unconstitutionality 

11.13 - John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

• Aggressive Chief Justice John Marshall → McCulloch vs. Maryland 

  • State of Maryland to destroy branch of Bank of US by imposing taxes → declared bank constitutional 

  • Power to tax involves power to destroy & power to create implies power to preserve 

• Favored loose construction → Constitution derived from consent of people 

  • Intended to endure for ages → adapted to crises of human affairs 

• Cohens v. Virginia - Opportunity for Marshall to defend fed power 

  • Cohen brothers guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets BUT Marshall showed how judicial branch had rights to review state supreme courts 

• Gibbons v. Ogden - Interstate commerce only controlled by Congress - blow @ states’ rights 

11.14 - Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses

• Fletcher v. Peck - Georgia granted 35 mil acres to private speculators → Marshall said grant was contract & Constitution forbids state laws “impairing’ contracts 

  • Fed laws over state laws 

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward 

  • College granted charter by King George III but NH changed it → Dartmouth appealed 

  • Marshall ruled original charter must stand 

• Marshall & Daniel Webster good friends → similar decisions one in Senate & other in Supreme Court

11.15 - Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

• Monroe and Quincy Adams partnership → Monroe Administration

  • Anglo-American Convention 1818: allowed Amerians to share fisheries w/Canadians & border is 49th parallel 

    • Both would split Oregon w/out official claims 

  • Much of west florida under American rule but east under Spanish 

    • During revolutions of Latin American countries - Spain left Florida 

    • Andrew Jackson took opportunity & took land - hung Indians in the area 

  • Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

    • Spanish ceded Florida in exchange for Texas, soon to become Mexico 

11.16 - The Menance of Monarchy in America

• Autocrats of Europe trying to fight new revolutions after French 

  • Italy, Spain Revs → Rumored in Russia, Austria, Prussia, etc. 

• American scared bc cheered on Latin American Revs & didn’t want Europeans in New World business 

  • Russian attempt to capture Alaska → tying into New World so threat to US 

    • Established trading ports almost to San Francisco Bay 

  • British joined w/European powers to crush Spanish Americans 

    • George Canning → US combine w/British to say no interest in Latin American territory + warning other European countries?

11.17 - Monroe and his Dontrine

• Why would British need America as an ally? 

  • Adams detected unfair play → British feared Americans would take Spanish territory → threatens possession of Cuba 

• Monroe Doctrine: 2 Stern warnings to European nations

  • Noncolonization 

    • Directed @ Russia to stop making colonies in the Northwest 

  • Nonintervention 

    • Keep monarchies out → let Revolutions happen 

    • US wouldn’t intervene w/Greek War against Turkey 

11.18 - Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised

• Mad @ Doctrine because high-flown declaration yet hands tied so no rebuttal 

• Latin Americans thought only thing protecting them was British navy & America was only looking out for itself 

• Doctrine forgotten about until 1845 → existed & everyone forgot about it

  • More accurately called Self-Defense Doctrine 

  • Never law → more of warning from Monroe → changed as time changed 

    • Nationalism & American identity → kinda bad because Americans assumed immunity from Europe 

• Russo-American Treaty: Russia pulls out of mainland US → southernmost limits @ southern tip of Alaska 

12.1 - The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

• After Monroe’s presidency, 4 candidates → all 4 Republicans 

  • John Quincy Adams 

    • Son of John Aams 

    • From Masachusettts 

    • Experienced, intelligent, aloof? 

  • Henry Clay 

    • From Kentucky 

    • Likes dealing with things in the west 

  • William H. Crawford 

    • From Georgia 

    • Kind of an npc ngl 

  • Andrew Jackson 

    • From Tennessee 

    • Hero of New Orleans

    • Strongest personal appeal - especially in West 

• Jackson gets most popular vote but doesn’t get electoral → House of Rep picks 

  • Clay eliminated bc speaker of House 

• Adams becomes pres because Clay hates Jackson → Clay becomes new Sec of State 

  • Almost guaranteed path to future pres as shown by past precedence 

  • “Corrupt Bargain” 

12.2 - A Yankee Misfit in the White House

• Quincy Adams = irritable, sarcastic, tactless 

  • Most successful sec of state but least successful presidents 

  • Enters under charges of “bargain, corruption, usurpation” 

    • Got less than ⅓ vote → minority president 

    • Called out for being corrupt but only ousted 12 public servants from fed payroll → not good for his supporters 

    • Urged Congress for roads & canals when opinion @ time was on state rights 

      • Concerning for south because if fed is involved in education, roads, etc. what about slavery? 

12.3 - Land and the “Five Civilized Tribes”

• Westerns want wide-open expansion & removal of Indians 

  • Ex. William Clark lost election as Missouri Gov for being too friendly to Indians 

• Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole 

  • Ways of life resemble whites → adopted Christianity, sponsored missionaries, etc. 

  • Cherokee made constitution & newspaper → challenge to whites who wanted land bc uncivilized 

    • Still pushed for removal → led by Georgia bc Cherokee held NW Georgia 

    • Adams attempts to push under rug but gov says to take arms → successfully resists & hurts Adams’ political standing 

12.4 - Going the “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828

• Jackson campaigns early → starts as soon as Adams is elected by house 

• Two distinct groups of Republicans

  • National Republicans under Adams 

    • Represented by oak trees 

    • Called Jackson’s mother a prostitute, wife an adultress, very violent 

  • Democratic-Republicans under Jackson

    • Represented by hickory trees 

    • Argued against “corrupt bargain” of Adams & Clay → ignore that Jackson was massive slave-owner and lived in a big house 

    • No better than NRs - called chess gambling furniture & got mad at presidential salary of Adams 

• Election split - middle states & Old NW divided 

  • Adams won New England 

  • Jackson won everywhere else - New York, Pennsylvania, etc.

12.13 - The Birth of the Whigs

• Supports of Jackson calling themselves “Democrats” 

• Opposition named “Whigs” 

  • Sig because they called jackson, “King Andrew I” so Whigs were opp in England to monarchy 

• “An organized incompatibility” → not much in common except dislike of Jackson 

  • First emerged in Senate

  • Clay, Webster, Calhoun pushed for censoring Jackson bc of removal of fed deposits to national bank 

• Rapidly evolved to political party 

  • Supports of Clay’s American System

  • State Righters offended by nullification 

  • Northern Industrialists & Merchants 

  • Protestants /Anti-Masonic party 

12.14 - The Election of 1836

• Jackson too old to consider 3rd term BUT wants Martin Van Buren of NYC to serve as successor 

  • “Yes-man” so Jackson could still be in control 

  • Supported by Jacksonites all over 

    • Jackson rigged nominating convention & voiced his fav to an extreme 

• Whigs couldn’t nominate single presidential candidate 

  • Strategy to run several people w/diff regional appeals & scatter vote 

    • Deadlock broken by House & Whigs would have a chance 

  • Clay elbowed aside - left William Henry Harrison 

    • Hero of Battle of Tippecanoe 

• Van Buren still won - only a little for popular vote but by a lot for electoral votes 

12.15 - Big Woes for the “Little Magician”

• Van Buren becomes 8th president - first to be born under American flag 

  • Short, sender, bald, bland, “first-class second-rate man”

  • “Wizard of Albany” → statesman w/wide experience for legislative & administrative life 

• Resentment from Democrats - objected to “bastard politician” 

  • Mad that Jackson was running the show through Buren 

  • Buren inherited enemies 

• Problems in office 

  • Canadian rebellions in 1837 → over political reform - threatens to strike war w/Britain over northern frontier 

    • Neutrality both a blessing & curse 

  • Anti-slavery cries in North 

    • Condemned annexation of Texas 

  • Jackson gave Buren beginning of depression 

    • Not enough rabbits in “Little Magician’s” hat 

12.16 - Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury

• Improvements in transportation & communication 

  • Roads, canals, steamboats, early railroads 

  • Spread of goods → cotton from SW, grain from Great Lakes, textiles from NY, etc. → movement of money but value changes state to state 

• Panic of 1837: Fluctuating currencies, speculation, hazards of enterprise over long distance 

  • Rumors of failure of New Orleans business speakers failures in London & NY 

  • Gamblers in west doing “land-office business” on borrowed money → on currency of “wildcat banks” 

  • Unstable investments in hazardous ventures to get quick rich 

• Failures of wheat crops & Grain prices shot up → mobs in NYC 

  • All during Jackson’s presidency - left for Van Buren to deal with 

• 1836 failure of 2 prom British Banks → call in foreign loans so stringency from British 

  • Started beginning of Panic 

• Banks collapsed → including some that took million in gov funds 

  • Commodity prices dropped, sale of public land fell, customs revenues dried 

• Van Buren passed “Divorce Bill” 

  • Divorcing gov from banking so independent treasury 

    • Gov funds safe in vaults in larger cities but denied to banking system as reserves → less credit resources 

  • Passed but unpopular 

  • Repealed as soon as Whigs won → reenacted by Democrats in 1846 then repealed until Republicans made national banks during Civil War

12.19 - Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1860

• Van Buren renominated in 1840 by Democrats 

• Whigs concerned about chance of victory → align together behind William Henry Harrison 

  • Not Daniel Webster or Henry Clay but could accumulate most votes from the Whig Party 

  • Old when campaign ended - 68 yrs 

    • Known for success at Battle of Tippecanoe, Thames, etc. 

    • John Tyler of Virginia selected as VP running mate 

• Buren called Harrison as an old farmer who should be happy w/pension, log cabin, & bottle of hard cider

  • Turned into political cartoon figures for campaign 

  • Portrayed as a Hero who had been called from cabin to drive away Jackson’s corrupt spoilsmen 

• Whig Campaign excellent w/symbols & propaganda 

  • WHH neither poor nor hard cider drinker but didn’t matter bc public believed 

• WHH won by close pop vote but overwhelming electoral 

  • Whigs wanted to expand & stimulate economy 

  • Democrats wanted retrenchment & end to banks & aggressive corps 

12.20 - Politics for the People

• 2 major changes since Era of Good Feelings 

  • Triumph of populist democratic style 

    • Before 1840s - not a common thing → looked down upon but after 1840s → favorable to appeal to the people & masses 

    • Appeals to the common man & battle of popularity 

    • Divine right of people, not of kings 

12.21 - The Two-Party System

• 2nd formation of two-party system 

  • Jeffersonians were so successful over Feds that it never became two full-blown parties during Era of Good Feelings 

• Both parties grew out of Jeffersonian Republicans 

  • Whigs joined bc hatred of Jackon 

    • Natural harmony of society & value of community 

    • Favored national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, moral reforms 

      • Prohibition of liquor, abolition of slavery 

  • Democrats united behind Jackson

    • Gloried liberty of individual rights

      • Clung to state rights, fed restraint in social/economic affairs

• Both “catchall” parties trying to mobilize voters for cause 

  • Dems slightly more humble & Whigs more prosperous → both commanded loyalties of all classes, sections, etc. 

    • Social diversity fostered horse-trading compromises w/in each party 

• 2 party system beginning to crumble in 1850s - nation terrified 

16.1 - The Accession of “Tyler Too”

• Harrison almost hounded to death by Whig spoilsmen 

  • Wanted Daniel Webster (current sec of state) or Henry Clay as president 

  • WHH showed Clay that he was pres 

• Harrison contracted pneumonia & died in 31 days of being pres → shortest administration in American history after longest inaugural address 

• John Tyler becomes president → called “Tyler Too” as a rhyme 

  • Resigned from Senate earlier & lone wolf 

  • Didn’t like dictatorial tactics of Jackson but Whigs accused him of being a Democrat in Whigs clothing 

    • A little true - Tyler was ex-Democrat & served longer than WHH 

      • Odds w/nationalists - Clay & Webster were pro-bank, pro-protective tariff, pro-internal improvements but Tyler anti 

16.2 - John Tyler: a president without a party

• Whigs brought strong nationalistic program to Congress 

  • Financial reform → ending independent treasury which Tyler agreed 

    • Clay wanted Fiscal Bank → aka new Bank of USA but Tyler vetoed after bill passed in Congress 

    • Next Fiscal Corporation but Tyler vetoed that too 

• Threatened Tyler w/death & wanted him to get sick → formally expelled from Whig party & attempt to impeach 

  • Entire cabinet resigned except Webster 

• Tyler wanted additional revenue for Treasury but didn’t like protective tariffs 

  • Veto on sale of public lands in the West 

    • “No point” in squandering money when fed was not overflowing w/money 

• Claylites redrafted tariff bill 

  • Pushed rates down on dutiable goods → Tyler reluctantly signs Tariff of 1842 

    • Pressure for higher customs duties slackened & country edged out of depression 

14.1 - The Westward Expansion

• Westward Expansion: By the mid-1800s, millions of Americans moved westward, spurred by cheap land, new opportunities, and a spirit of Manifest Destiny.

  • Frontier Challenges: Life on the frontier was harsh, marked by isolation, rough conditions, and a need for self-reliance.

  • Ecological Impact: Settlers transformed the environment, overusing soil, clearing forests, and introducing invasive species, drastically altering ecosystems.

  • Cultural Impact: The westward movement shaped American culture, fostering values of rugged individualism and independence.

14.2 - Shaping the Western Landscape

• Environmental Transformation: Settlers cleared forests for farming, hunted wildlife (e.g., bison and beavers) to near extinction, and overexploited land.

  • Economic Development: The West became a source of raw materials like timber and minerals, fueling national growth.

  • Role of Technology: Innovations such as the steel plow and mechanical reaper boosted agricultural productivity, aiding settlement.

  • National Unity: The West’s resources contributed to growing economic ties between regions, although sectional tensions persisted.

14.3 - The March of Millions

• Population Growth: Between 1790 and 1860, the U.S. population grew rapidly, fueled by high birth rates and immigration.

  • Immigration Wave: Millions of Irish and Germans arrived in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by famine, political upheaval, and economic opportunities.

  • Irish Immigrants: Fleeing the Great Potato Famine, they settled in cities, often facing discrimination but contributing to labor-intensive industries.

  • German Immigrants: Many came as skilled workers or farmers, settling in the Midwest and establishing tight-knit communities.

  • Urbanization: Rapid population growth led to expanding cities, increased industrialization, and urban challenges like overcrowding and sanitation issues.

14.9 - Workers and Wage Slaves

• Industrialization’s Impact: The rise of factories created a growing class of wage laborers, often working long hours in poor conditions for low pay.

  • Labor Movements: Workers began organizing to demand better wages, hours, and conditions. Early unions faced opposition but laid the groundwork for later reforms.

  • Child Labor: Children often worked in factories under harsh conditions, leading to early calls for labor protections.

  • Female Workers: Young women worked in textile mills (e.g., Lowell system) but faced limited rights and opportunities. Many turned to labor activism or sought alternatives in teaching and domestic work.

  • Economic Stratification: Industrialization widened the gap between wealthy owners and poor laborers, sparking class tensions.

War of 1812

• Against British because impressing American sailors → going after people on American ships 

  • British supporting Native Americans → setting them against Americans so further beef… scalping! 

• Also against the French! But less so

• Warhawks eyeing Canada & Florida so further inciting war

• Most importantly, felt disrespected → free trade in mercantilist world 

• Ends in tie (some people think its a loss now but people then thought they won)

  • Treaty of Ghent - no territory given to anyone 

• Winners: Canada - US invaded & failed AGAIN! Andrew Jackson got supporters, strong sense of American nationalism

• Losers: Native Americans and Federalists

Era of Good Feelings

• Monroe years - One national party, peace after wars, industry explodes, American culture, etc. 

• Market Revolution: Period of unprecedented growth after war of 1812

• Not good because 1 party (good for Dem-Repubs but not good for anyone else), slavery (Missouri Crisis), Panic of 1819

• Missouri Crisis: People take sides on what Missouri should be → put in application to be slave-holding 

  • First time other party is trying to weigh in - guy from NYC 

  • Vote happens, posted in House of Rep → straight sectional vote (N voted for and S voted against) but PASSED which means North pop is greater 

  • Tied in Senate 22-22 

  • South scared because abolition of slavery! Defensive abt slavery 

• Missouri Compromise: Missouri becomes slave, Maine becomes free → Southern border of Missouri is cut-off between slave and nonslave 

• Panic = consequence of expansion of economy → correction 

• Monroe Doctrine: Warning European nations to stay away from American in speech by Monroe

  • Great Britain’s idea → wanted to join forces warning against further colonization

  • Quincy Adams recognized problem and changed so US could expand but no other power 

  • Didn’t actually accomplish that much → more bark than bite

• Election of 1820 not much of an election → almost unanimous

Supreme Court 

Marbury vs. Madison – established power of judicial review → Judiciary Act deemed unconstitutional 

Rise of Common Man 

• Election of 1824 → one w/Jackson

  • Adams becomes President & Clay becomes Secretary of State

  • Jackson got more popular votes so mad! No clear winner of electoral college but in House Adams had more friends than Jackson 

  • Corrupt Bargain 

• Called Era of Common Man bc more people can vote and AJ brings “Common Man”

  • Property restrictions dropped 

  • Alcohol consumption crazy high 

  • Avg voter is poorer & less educated 

    • BUT public education increases, recognition of voters should be more educated 

• Jackson! 

  • Not an intellectual → man of action & mocks JQA for being smart 

  • First pres from the West → JQA is elitist and rep the wealthy 

  • Doesn’t eliminate prop requirements for voting → only beneficiary 

  • Indian Removal Act of 1830: Champ of common man or King Andrew I? 

    • Idea of John Marshall thing is King Andrew I def 

    • Removes Cherokee (last tribe East of Mississippi) - Opens up land for common man → Champ 

    • Justification is he’s doing it for both Native Ameicans & Americans 

  • Bank War: Vetoes charter of bank approved in Congress → wants to destroy it 

    • Enemies of AJ run the bank so revenge! 

Immigration 

• Why did Irish face more discrimination than German 

  • Irish are Catholic but Americans primarily Protestant 

  • Irish remained in port of entry cities - NYC and Boston 

  • German were richer → political migrants 

• Nativist arguments don't change → people taking jobs, inferior culture 

• Irish are poor, willing to work for less 

  • Not in unions → cheap labor 

• Can’t vote 

Women 

• Know Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, 

• Seneca Falls Convention: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, women got together to discuss their rights!!

• Concept of private vs. public spheres - when men started leaving their homes to go and work, his responsibility was anything political and the wife’s was anything religious/family related

1. Cult of Domesticity

2. Four Pillars:

1. Piety

2. Purity

3. Submissiveness 

4. Domesticity  

2nd Great Awakening  

•  Mass religious movement against deism, transcendentalism → conservative movement 

• How is it similar/diff to the first one? Answer: Way bigger and more “lovey”

• How did affect changes in society before and after 

• Charles Grandison Finney & Peter Cartwright 

1. Basically George Whitefield and Johnathan Edwards: The Sequel™

2. Preached to everyone, didn’t believe in predestination                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

3. Camp trips: people would travel to listen to their teachings and spend days or weeks camping out to hear what they had to say

4. Cartwright was very very anti-slavery

1. Fun fact! Peter Cartwright was known to physically brawl anyone who showed up to disagree with his beliefs at his sermons

• Emphasis on God as a loving father instead of a terrifying deity 

• More women and people of color active in the church → general increased diversity 

• Church of the Latter-Day Saints 

1. Started by a man named Joseph Smith 

2. Claimed God had given him a vision/he was a prophet

3. Lynched in Arizona, but movement gets overtaken and mass migration of Mormons to Utah occurs

• Much more middle class people in church → ability to vote brings sense of individuality, motive to have individual religious beliefs