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UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 Chapter 1 | Week1-Week3 L1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE ➢ Tostudythebehavior of a group. ➢ Basedonsocial and political philosophy. ➢ Theological reasoning ➢ “Datu”is the name for the leader in ancient times. Nakabase sa Datu ang beliefs ng mga tao sa isang society. ○ Metaphysical Stage- an ability to explain his identity; transitional phase; abstract; has the tendency to believe in both Theological and Positive Stage making it balanced. ○ Positive Stage- solely based on the scientific method—research, experiment; based on facts. 2) Harriet Martineau ● AnEnglishSocial Theorist and Social Translator ● MotherofSociology ● Considered as the First Woman Sociologist ➢ Therearethree sub-discipline of social science: Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science. ➢ Sociology is related to social ➢ Anthropology is related to culture ➢ Political Science is related to politics ➢ Societas [French] means a group of people who have the same standards. ➢ Sociusisaunit in social relationships consisting of an individual. PHILOSOPHY ❖ Loveofwisdom ❖ Basedontheanalytic understanding of the nature of truth asserted about specific issues or topics. ❖ “What isthe nature of truth?” SCIENCE ❖ Basedonempirical data seeks to discover by contrived observations. ❖ It isasystematic process and empirical. ❖ “Whatspecific causes are happening to the natural world?” SUB-DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ● Sociology ● Anthropology ● Political Science SOCIOLOGY ➢ AbranchofSocial Science that deals with the study of the relationship between the individual and the society as they develop and change in history. PROPONENTSANDTHEIRCONTRIBUTION 1) Auguste Comte ● AFrenchPhilosopher ● FatherofSociology ● In1838,hecoined the term “sociology” ● Hewastheonewhoproposed the 3 laws of stage that explains why does people behave that way: ○ Theological Stage- based on the religion/Datu, being matradition. ● Approved Comte; Comte’s most important works are (1) the Course on Positive Philosophy (1830–1842, six volumes, translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau as The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte). ● “Howtoobservemorals and manners” is one of her books. It tackles a question for herself how she would be able to encourage people to apply cultural relativism. ● Sheencouraged cultural relativism. ○ It is the ability to relate ourselves to other cultures and to understand their culture deeply. ○ Example: Relating our culture of eating using bare hands to the Chinese eating using chopsticks. 3) Karl Marx ● AGermanPhilosopher ● FatherofScientific Socialism ● Negative mindset but realistic; “pranka” ● Hedescribed society as imperfect bcs conflict exists; every society has experienced having a conflict, thus, no society is perfect. ● Advocated the use of scientific methods to uncover social transitions. ● HimandFriedrich Engels wrote the well known publication, the “Communist Manifesto in 1848” that talks about “manifesting being a communist.” and he described here that society is not perfect because of conflict. The following are the divisions that led to conflict; the two types of classes: ○ Bourgeoisie- refers to a group of people who possess the same socioeconomic status; high class ppl such as entrepreneurs and business owners. ○ Proletariat- relating to a social group having the least wealth and power in the society; common people, in short, the poor. 4) Emile Durkheim ● AFrenchSociologist ● FatherofFunctionalism in Sociology ● Hedescribed sociology as independent discipline. ● SuiGeneris that means “you are unique” ○ Herelates this term to society because every society has different cultures, norms, people, systems, and standards. 1 UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 5) MaxWeber GOALSOFANTHROPOLOGY ● AGermanSociologist ● Pioneerof Interpretative Sociology ● Verstehan that means “to have empathy and understanding” ○ Role of Rationalization- everything has basis ○ Apply this before judging a society; intindihin ang lipunan bago husgahan. ○ Example: Use verstehan before judging other people. Use verstehan before judging a society. GOALSOFSOCIOLOGY 1) Study the nature of humanity 2) Appreciate society ANTHROPOLOGY ➢ Ascientific discipline originated from social philosophy & travelouges of western travelers. ➢ Culture are norms or social behavior found and practiced in human societies. It’s the study of man. ❖ Nomadic-nopermanent settlement ❖ “Anthropos”- man ❖ “Logos”-study/ word PROPONENTSANDTHEIRCONTRIBUTION: 1) Franz Boas ● AGerman-American Anthropologist ● FatherofModern American Anthropology ● Historical Particularism (greatest contribution) ○ Culture is particular. ○ Every culture has its own standards and terms because of its historical background. ○ Different system 2) Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski ● APolish-British Anthropologist ● FatherofField Research ● Influential Ethnographer ● Participant Observation- it’s a scientific method where an expert tries to live with a cultural group for a long duration of time to deeply understand their culture. ○ Example: In Trobian Island; he lived there for two years. ○ Pros: Actual experience; accurate observation ○ Cons: Language barrier; risky 3) Alfred Reginald Radcliff- Brown ● ABritish Social Anthropologist ● Structural-functionalist Paradigm ● Contributed Theory of Structural Functionalsim ○ Hestated that each member of the society has its own role, function, and responsibility to perform. ○ Hedescribed society like an organ; if one is not functioning well, it may affect the other organ. 1) Explain and analyze human cultural similarities and differences 2) Create new knowledge through researches about humankind and behavior Greatest Pleasure of Anthropology: To learn new culture POLITICAL SCIENCE ➢ PartofSocial Science that deals with the study of politics, power, and government. ➢ Howthegovernment works ➢ Howthepolitics apply its own power PROPONENTSANDTHEIRCONTRIBUTION 1) Walter Lippman ● AnAmericanWriter and Reporter ● Hisgreatest contribution was during the industrial revolution. ● Hepublished “The Phantom Public in 1925” ○ Hedescribed here that the democratic system is an illusion or myth; it exists but did not actively perform. ○ Influenced many people to built political science GOALSOFPOLITCALSCIENCE 1) Makepeople better citizens 2) Keepsocial order and harmony 3) Protect the rights of an individual 4) Avoid conflict and promote cooperation ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 1987 constitution ➢ We, thesovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ➢ Encompasses our preamble ➢ Mustknowtherights Three Branches of Government 1) Legislatives- Congress, senates; upper & lower house, governor, mayor, etc. 2) Judiciary- Court of Justice 3) Executives- Power of President These 3 are balanced; no one is above one another. 2 UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 L2: SOCIAL SCIENCES AS CONCEPTUAL TOOL CONCEPT ➢ Ideas; used to explain an issue and to understand a situation easily; simplest definition; and can range from 1-few words. ➢ Therational purport (claiming something based on what you observe) of a word of a conception Pierce 1998. ➢ It’s from other concepts, relating concepts to each other and or deconstruct old ones and create new ones. ➢ Heuristic tool- a process of discovery; to create a certain definition. Students as Social Beings ❖ Sociality ○ is defined by the very categories that we possess as assigned to us by society at large. “LABELS”- it is based on labels; it is being define by yourself (general) ❖ Labels 1) Bymapping the social forces impinging social actors as their lives intersect in society. ● SocialMapping, where our social interaction revolves in society. We are familiarizing ourselves with our limitations; Dito lamang umiikot ang iyong buhay. ● CharlesWright Mills(1959), argued with the concept as he believed that people can go beyond limitations and opportunities. Said we have the right to think creatively and outside the world. Thus, he applied the term: ● Social Imagination, you are imagining things. We have no limitation. We study, apply, and use problem solving; Pwedeng umikot ang iyong buhay more than your social map. ○ Example: Us Filipinos use our bare hands when eating but sometimes even though we are not in China we still use chopsticks. 2) Byrehearsing structures and components of cultural practices and tradition. ○ are the essence of categorization. ❖ “Label” =“Sociality” which means how are you going to behave in your role. Thus, students are labeled by gender, social class, and race— socially constructed. Social Realities: Behavior and Phenomena ❖ “Situation unlike other situations” ❖ Conformity ○ sumusunod sa batas, norms, culture, and standards. ❖ Deviance ○ hindi sumusunod sa batas, norms, culture, and standards. They are called “defiant”. ❖ Values[code of conduct] and Beliefs [superstitious beliefs] as behavior motivators. Human behavior is propelled by powerful motivators. Social Dynamics ❖ Social, Political, and Cultural change. ○ Will our society still change in the next few years? SOCIOLOGY ➢ Focusesontheubiquity (everything you interact with; relationship to everything) of social forces (remote, impersonal, and intangible) ➢ Examples: religion, ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, class, race that can be interpreted as any human-related. THE SOCIAL AS“DRIVER OFINTERACTION” (3) THREE WAYS: ● Applying folkways and cultural practice. Wedowhat we are used to doing. 3) Byexposing asymmetrical power distributions among member and social communities and organizations. ANTHROPOLOGY ➢ Uncoverprinciples of behavior that apply to all human communities. ➢ Translating each “culture” to other culture ➢ Sameculture with sociology but in different ways; may sariling paraan ng pamumuhay. ➢ Studysociety based on culture and the similarities and differences of the society based on their standard. ➢ Underlines the role of cultural structures in organizing human interactions. ➢ “Thesocial in the guise of inequality” ○ Sociology: Merit System, means when you invest efforts, you may receive something in return (great performance = reward) ○ Political Science: The product of asymmetrical distribution of power in society. ○ Anthropology: Equal but different ways. THE UNOFFICIAL STORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY ❖ “Childof Colonization” ○ Werelate colonization to anthropology, yet, its disadvantage is “misinterpretation” ○ Antonio Pigaffeta(1531), an ethnographer with Magellan who documented the Philippines from the very beginning. 3 UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 ○ Ethnographer- writers while travelers travel. Their purpose is to document discoveries. ❖ Twoessential things about the discipline: ○ Methodology- documentation; writing ○ Example: Malinowski’s participant observation ○ Ethnographic Method- data; survey (fascinating ways of life of different societies) ❖ FormsofDiversity: solving problems. Every time they discover artifacts they apply it to the contemporary world. ○ Example: Mesopotamia, ang unang kabihasnan na nag e-exist pa rin until now POLITICAL SCIENCE ○ Social Diversity- gaps between people as measured by the presence or absence of certain socially desirable traits; “anong meron ako na wala ka?, anong meron ka na wala ako?” (specific) ○ Cultural Diversity- range of different societies ( general; border of beliefs and territory) THE ANTHROPOLOGYASSUB-DISCIPLINE 1) Biological Anthropology ➢ Systematic study of government and politics. ➢ Perspective zeroes in on power relations and how these produce layered modalities of opportunities among social actors. ➢ “Thesocial as a tool of change” ○ Social change: takes place in human interaction and interrelations. ➢ Keysubjects ○ “Polis”- City State THE STORYOFPOLSCI: ACRIBVERSION ● Alsocalled “Physical Anthropology” ● Focusesinevolution ● Studies humanbiological nature, particularly its beginning, evolution, and vibration in prehistory. ● Branches: ○ Paleoanthropology- concerned with the origins and development of early humans. It came from the root word “paleo” which means “ancient” ○ Primatology- the study of our nearest animal relatives; nonhuman primates like mammals. 2) Cultural Anthropology ● Alsocalled “Social Anthropology” ● Studies the development of human cultures based on ethnologic, linguistic, social, and psychological data of analysis (Repko, 2008, p.67 ). ● Branches: ○ Ethnography- the descriptive study of one culture, subculture, or micro culture based on fieldwork; focuses on specific culture. ○ Ethnology- the comparative study of culture, presents analytical generalizations involves explaining the similarities and differences in culture; studies various cultures (generalized) 3) Archaeology ● Studies humanlife in the past through the examination of things left behind by the people; remaining materials from our ancestors. ● Branches: ○ Historical Archaeology- the study of the remains of culture and subcultures that have written records but about which little, if anything, was recorded. ○ Cultural Resources Management- is a growing field for individuals with degrees in archaeology; evolution of subsistence- method or ways of living. ○ Applied Archaeology- focus area in archaeology that uses the methods of archaeology to study contemporary material culture with the aim of ❖ Thediscipline was traditionally believed to have emerged from the works of “social contract” ( everything you do, everything time you decide) ○ Example: Philippine Statistics Authority or PSA ○ Purpose is to limit ourselves ❖ Itrequires people to surrender, completely or in part, their rights to whoever or whatever in return exercises the same for the protection of everybody. FOURINTEGRAL ELEMENTS ➔ Theseareimportant to be considered as a state. 1) People 2) Territory 3) Government 4) Sovereignty Whyis it important to study Political Science? ➢ It isimportant to study political science because as citizens we have specific roles and responsibilities towards the state. The state has also a duty to uphold the rights of the citizens. By studying political science we come to know our rights and obligations in the state. Studying political science also helps us realize the multifarious functions of the state... thereby enabling the learners to assess their own government. (Mohammad Alauddin, 2011) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Subsistence ➢ Methodsorways of living ➢ Modeofsubsistence: ○ Hunting/ Gathering- nomadic way of life. ○ Pastoralism- our ancestors learned how to domesticate animals and plants; combined with nomadism ○ Horticultural- learning how to plant small crops ○ Agricultural- intensive use of land; machinery 4 UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 Chapter 2|Week4-Week6 L1: CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS ACOMPLEXWHOLE ELEMENTS OFCULTURE ➔ Variables that are relevant in shaping our culture. SOCIETY ➢ Describes a group of people who share a common territory and a culture. ➢ Examplesare barangay, city, country, asia ➢ Byterritory, sociologists refer to a definable region– as small as a neighborhood. CULTURE ➢ Refersto that “complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society”. ➢ Thecharacteristics features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time. ➢ Thesetshared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization. ➢ Itmayvaryfrom one place to another because it depends on the culture standard of a place. Howare you going to address the damage culture? ❖ Forexample, an SK or officer can influence or educate other people by promoting a program “Save Culture” or workshops that will shape people as a Filipino. Culture Represents Society Represents-- beliefs practices social structures organization artifacts Neither society nor culture could exist without the other. CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE 1) Material Culture ● Cultural components that are visible & tangible. ● Allmaterial objects on those components or elements of culture with physical representation such as tools, furniture, buildings, bridges, gadgets, etc. ○ Example: Bahay Kubo 2) Non-material Culture ● Intangible or without physical representation. ● Canbecategorized into cognitive and normative nonmaterial culture. ● Normative Culture: includes all the expectations, standards, and rules for human behavior. ○ Example: Superstitious beliefs 1) Beliefs ● Anyconceptions/ ideas people have about what is true in the environment around them. ● SampleofCommonBeliefs: ○ I amin charge of my life. ○ I don’t need the approval of others to succeed. ○ “We are here for a purpose” ○ What goes around, comes around. ○ Marriage = Happily ever after ● Philippines Superstitious Beliefs: ○ Donot sleep with wet hair, you will go crazy. ○ Bad luck is when the picture falls from the wall. 2) Values ● Describes what is appropriate or inappropriate (good or bad; desirable or undesirable; worthy or unworthy) in a given society or what ought to be. ● Different Types of Values: ○ Verbal (Words)- using the words “po” and “opo” ○ Nonverbal- pagmamano in the Philippines ○ Acts, gestures, signs, & objects- communicate meanings that people can recognize and share. 3) Technology ● Referstothe application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living,maintaining the environment. 4) Norms ● Specific rules or standards to guide appropriate behavior. FORMOFNORMS 1) Folkways ● Alsoknownas“customs” ● Thesearenorms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. ● Routine ○ Examples: Proper dress, correct manner, proper eating behavior, personal hygiene 2) Mores ● Thesestrict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong. ○ Examples: Murder, theft, rape, fraud, corruption 3) Taboos ● Thesearenorms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust– Only applied to specific culture. 5 UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 ○ Examples: Abortion, addiction, adultery, bestiality or zoophilia, bigotry, intermarriage, pornography, polygamy, suicide 4) Laws ● Thereareconfined ethics, and formally agreed, written down, and enforced by an official law enforcement agency L2: DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF CULTURE & SOCIETY DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF CULTURE &SOCIETY 1) Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive ● Mostsocieties interact with other societies, and lead to exchanges of material; non material components of culture. ➔ Enculturation ● Processbywhich aperson adopts the behavior patterns of the culture he/she lives in; learning culture inside your county. ● Alsoknownas“socialization”- as we meet people of our culture, we get more and more information and deep understanding of real life situations. ➔ Acculturation ● Oneculture group is adopting the practices of another culture group; acquiring outside your own country where you discover other culture. Enculturation ○ Examples: Tools & furnitures; ideas & symbols ➔ Dynamic ● Itresponds to the changing needs of time, alongside to the motion and actions within and around it. When one aspect changes within a system, culture easily responds to it. ○ Example: Foot binding in China ➔ Flexible ● Culture is capable of being flexible to be able to face any challenges that life would bring. ○ Example: Amish people- their organization and culture can survive the inevitable changes around them ○ As soon as an individual is born, he/she begins to acquire the culture around him, with or without any influence. ○ Thus, enculturation is an essential requirement for survival 4) Patterned social interactions Acculturation ○ It is not an essential phenomenon in life but occurs when two cultures meet together. ○ Thus, acculturation is not an essential requirement for survival. ● Culture as a normative system has the capacity to define and control human behaviors. Norms are cultural expectations in terms of how one will think, feel, or behave as set by one’s culture. ➔ Adaptive ● Peopleusetechnology, ideas, and activities in order to survive and expand the human culture and society, this only depicts that culture is adaptive. ○ Example: Using of smartphones to spread and share one’s culture 2) Shared and may bechallenge ● (Givengiven the reality of social differentiation) ● Asweshareculture with others, we are able to act in appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act. ○ Example: Coleen studies at Harvard University and she shares with her classmates the culture she belongs with. However, she may experience challenges such as language barriers. 3) Learned through socialization and enculturation ● It isnot biological, we do not inherit it but learn as we interact in society. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn, absorb, and acquire culture from families, peers, institutions, and the media. 5) Integrated ● Thisisknown as “HOLISM,” or the various parts of a culture being interconnected or interlinked. ● Allaspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few. 6) Transmitted through socialization/ enculturation ● Intheprocess of learning and transmitting culture, we need symbols and language to communicate with others in society. Chapter 3|Week7-Week9 L1: HUMAN BIOLOGICAL & CULTURAL BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION ➢ Itrefers to the changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another. 6 UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,SOCIETY,ANDPOLITICS—LECTURES 1ST QUARTER || 1ST SEMESTER || S.Y. ‘24-‘25 ➢ Scientists study the changes in the physical body of humans, the changes in the shape and size of their bones. CULTURAL EVOLUTION ➢ Alsocalled sociocultural evolution ➢ Itrefers to the changes / development of cultures from simple to more complex forms of human culture. Human adaptation: factors such as climate changes and population increase. ➢ Scientists study the cultural evolution of humans by analyzing the changes in the latter's way of life. ➢ Waysof living from simple to complex HUMANEVOLUTION ❖ CharlesDarwin ❖ Theevolution of species happens through the process of natural selection NATURAL SELECTION ➢ Thereasonfor the occurrence of evolution. Traits that enhance survival; you survive if you can cope or if you are suitable with ● Variations ● Heredity ● Differential reproductive success PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION 1) Variations ● Everyspecies is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are adopted to their environments compared to others 2) Heredity ● Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can be inherited ● Transmitted 3) Differential Reproductive Success ● Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations HOMINIDS ➢ “Earliest member of primate family homindae” ➢ Smallest brain like a modern baby brain. ➢ Thegeneral term used to categorize the group of early humans and other humanlike creatures. ➢ Meansofsurvival: ○ Environment ➢ Twogeneral recognized: ○ Australopethicus and Homo CATEGORIES OF HOMINIDS 1) Sahelanthropus 2) 7