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I. Definition of Terms

• Charge: Fundamental physical quantity responsible for electrical phenomena.

  • Unit: Coulomb (C)

    • Positive charge (proton): 1.6 × 10−19 C

    • Negative charge (electron): −1.6 × 10−19 C

  • Ways of Charging:

    • Rubbing: Friction causes electron transfer.

    • Conduction: Charging through direct contact.

    • Induction: Charging without direct contact, causing polarization.

• Net Charge: The sum of all positive and negative charges in an object.

• Triboelectric Series: A list of materials arranged by their tendency to gain or lose electrons, aiding in predicting static electricity outcomes.

• Law of Conservation of Charge: A system remains in equilibrium unless charge is added or removed. (Benjamin Franklin)

• Coulomb’s Law: Describes electric force between charges:

  • Formula: F_e = k * (q1 * q2) / r^2

  • k: Proportionality constant (Coulomb’s constant).

  • r: Distance between charges.

• Electric Field: A field surrounding a charged particle indicating the force it would impose on another charge.

• Gauss’ Law: Relates electric field to total charge enclosed in a closed surface.

  • Gaussian Surface: Hypothetical surface that may or may not contain charge.

• Electric Flux: Product of the electric field strength and the area through which it passes.

II. FORMULAE

• Quantization of Charge:

  • Formula: q = n * c

    • n: Number of charges present.

    • c: Charge of a charged particle.

• Electric Force:

  • Formula: F_e = k * (q1 * q2) / r^2

    • k: 9 × 10^9 N·m²/C² (Coulomb’s constant).

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• Electric Field:

  • Formula: E = k * q / r^2

• Electric Flux:

  • Formula: Φ_E = E * A * cos(θ)

    • A: Area of the region.

    • θ: Angle between electric field and surface.

• Gauss’ Law (general):

  • Formula: Φ = Σq_enc / ε₀

    • Σq_enc: Total enclosed charge.

    • ε₀: 8.85 × 10^−12 F/m (vacuum permittivity).

• Gauss’ Law (spherical shell):

  • Formula: Φ = q / ε₀ (no electric field inside the shell).

• Gauss’ Law (solid sphere):

  • Outside surface: Use spherical shell equation.

  • Inside sphere: Φ = q * r³ / (ε₀ * R³)

    • r: Internal radius.

    • R: Major internal radius.

References

• Bauer, W., & Westfall, G. D. (2016). General physics 2 (2nd ed.). Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, Inc.

• Bautista, D.C. (2013). Science impact: Integrated science (3rd ed.). Antipolo City: Academe Publishing House, Inc.

• Cacanindin, D.D.A., ..., Sharma, M. PhD (2016). General physics 2. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

• Catchilar, G. C. & Malenab, R. G. (2003). Fundamentals of physics. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store.

• Cordero-Navaza, D. & Valdez, B. J. (2006). Physics IV (2nd ed.). Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

• Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Young, H. D. (2011). Sears and Zemansky's university physics (with modern physics) (13th ed.). Addison-Wesley.

• Giambattista, A., Richardson, B. M., Richardson, R. C. (2007). College physics (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

• Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2007). Fundamentals of physics (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

• Hewitt, Paul G. (2007). Conceptual physics (3rd ed.). California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

• Santiago, K. S., & Silverio, A. A. (2016). Exploring life through science: Senior high school physical science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

• Wilson, Jerry D. & Buffa, Anthony J. (2003). Physics (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.