AP bio flash cards
Unit 2: Cells
- Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
- Organelles: Function and importance (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
- Cell Transport
- Types of transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
- Cell membrane structure and fluid mosaic model
- Cell Communication and Signaling
- Signal transduction pathways
- Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
- Metabolism
- Metabolic pathways (anabolic vs. catabolic)
- Enzymes: Structure, function, and regulation
- Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
- Importance of chloroplasts and pigments
- Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
- Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
Unit 4: Heredity
- Mendelian Genetics
- Principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment
- Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
- Codominance, incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance
- Genetic Disorders
- Patterns of inheritance (autosomal recessive, sex-linked, etc.)
- Use of Punnett squares
Unit 5: Evolution
- Theory of Evolution
- Natural selection, adaptation, and speciation
- Evidence for Evolution
- Fossil records, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
- Evolutionary Mechanisms
- Genetic drift, gene flow, and selective pressures
Unit 6: Genetics and Molecular Biology
- DNA Structure and Replication
- Components of DNA and the double-helix model
- Gene Expression
- Transcription and translation processes
- Regulation of gene expression (promoters, enhancers, silencers)
- Biotechnology
- Applications: CRISPR, cloning, and genetic engineering
Unit 7: Ecology
- Ecosystems and Energy Flow
- Trophic levels and food webs
- Primary productivity and ecological efficiency
- Population Dynamics
- Population growth models (exponential vs. logistic)
- Carrying capacity and limiting factors
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Ecosystem services and threats to biodiversity
- Conservation strategies and sustainable practices.