AP bio flash cards

Unit 2: Cells

• Cell Structure and Function
  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
  • Organelles: Function and importance (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
• Cell Transport
  • Types of transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
  • Cell membrane structure and fluid mosaic model
• Cell Communication and Signaling
  • Signal transduction pathways
  • Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

• Metabolism
  • Metabolic pathways (anabolic vs. catabolic)
  • Enzymes: Structure, function, and regulation
• Photosynthesis
  • Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
  • Importance of chloroplasts and pigments
• Cellular Respiration
  • Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
  • Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration

Unit 4: Heredity

• Mendelian Genetics
  • Principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment
• Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
  • Codominance, incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance
• Genetic Disorders
  • Patterns of inheritance (autosomal recessive, sex-linked, etc.)
  • Use of Punnett squares

Unit 5: Evolution

• Theory of Evolution
  • Natural selection, adaptation, and speciation
• Evidence for Evolution
  • Fossil records, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
• Evolutionary Mechanisms
  • Genetic drift, gene flow, and selective pressures

Unit 6: Genetics and Molecular Biology

• DNA Structure and Replication
  • Components of DNA and the double-helix model
• Gene Expression
  • Transcription and translation processes
  • Regulation of gene expression (promoters, enhancers, silencers)
• Biotechnology
  • Applications: CRISPR, cloning, and genetic engineering

Unit 7: Ecology

• Ecosystems and Energy Flow
  • Trophic levels and food webs
  • Primary productivity and ecological efficiency
• Population Dynamics
  • Population growth models (exponential vs. logistic)
  • Carrying capacity and limiting factors
• Biodiversity and Conservation
  • Ecosystem services and threats to biodiversity
  • Conservation strategies and sustainable practices.