TOPIC 5: Unit 1: Population concepts

TOPIC 5: POPULATION GROWTH AND CHANGE

UNIT 1: POPULATION CONCEPTS

Key Concepts

• Birth Rates: Number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Average global birth rate is about 20.

• Death Rates: Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Example: A death rate of 9.5 in a population of 100,000 equals 950 deaths annually.

• Population Growth Rate (PGR): The rate at which population changes (grows or decreases) over time. Factors considered:

  • Births (B)

  • Deaths (D)

  • Immigrants (I)

  • Emigrants (E)

  • Formula: PGR = (B - D) + (I - E)

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births. Indicates health service quality in a region.

• Life Expectancy (LE): Average number of years a newborn is expected to live. Current world average is 67.2 years for males and 69.5 for females.

Characteristics of Population Growth Rates

Population Growth Types

• Positive PGR: Indicates population increase.

• Negative PGR: Indicates population decrease.

• Zero PGR: No change in population.

Population Pyramid Comparison

• Pyramid A (Developing Countries): High birth and death rates, low life expectancy.

• Pyramid B (Developed Countries): Lower birth and death rates, higher life expectancy.

Factors Affecting Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• Developing Countries: High IMR due to:

  • Lack of medical facilities

  • Poor nutrition

  • Poverty

  • Unsatisfactory sanitation

• Developed Countries: Low IMR due to:

  • Advanced medical technology

  • Good healthcare systems

  • Access to adequate nutrition

  • Healthy living conditions

Overview of Life Expectancy

Influences on Life Expectancy

• Gender: Men are typically at greater risk.

• Economic Conditions: Wealthier nations generally have higher LE.

• Healthcare and Nutrition: Accessibility affects health outcomes.

• Impact of HIV/AIDS: Lowered LE in affected regions.

Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Statistics

• Example CountriesAAA:

  • Japan: Highest LE (82.6)

  • South Africa: Low LE (49.3)

  • Swaziland: Lowest LE (39.6)

• Lifespan Trends: Data from 1990, 2000, and 2008 on various countries illustrating changes in LE and IMR.