DNA Study Guide - BIO 101

DNA is made of these three components

• Phosphate Group

• Deoxyribose Sugar

• Nitrogenous base

Purines have double-rings and two nitrogenous bases are purines. Those include Adenine and Guanine (Pure As Gold)

Pyrimidines have single rings and two nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines. Those include Cytosine and Thymine

Nitrogenous bases that pair up with each other is A pairs to T and C pairs to G

Hydrogen bonds between each of the paired nitrogenous bases is Two between A and T and Three between G and C

Leading DNA strand is synthesized continuously

Lagging DNA strand is synthesized discontinuously

Lagging DNA strand is synthesized through Okazaki fragments

DNA Polymerase III binds to the primer and adds DNA nucleotides

DNA Ligase links/seals the fragments

DNA helicase an enzyme that splits/separates the DNA strand

The new DNA strand synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Base substitution mutations is when a base/bases are changed and there’s three types. Those include Silent (no change in amino acid), Missense (Slight difference in amino acid), and Nonsense (Polypeptide synthesis stops).

Insertions is a mutation that adds a base/bases.

Deletions is a mutation that removes a base/bases.

Insertion and Deletion are Indels that results in frame-shift which disrupts the protein’s 3D shape  and can be extremely detrimental 

Insertion and Deletion also known as Indels are extremely detrimental

Gregor Mendel best known for being the first person to analyze patterns of inheritance through plants/peas. He deduced the fundamental principle of genetics.