ELEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POETRY

Elements of Poetry

1. SOUND
2. Persona - refers to the voice a writer creates to tell a story to define the speaker in a poem.
3. Rhyme - Words that end with similar sounds. Usually at the end of a line of the poem.
4. Rhyming - Two lines of a poem together with the same rhythm.
5. Rhythm - A pattern created with sounds: hard - soft, long - short, bouncy, quiet - loud, weak - strong.
6. Cadence - a rhythmic change in the inflection of sounds from words being spoken. Sometimes referred to as the flow of words
7. Rhyming Scheme - The pattern of arrangement of the rhymes in a poem.
8. SENSE
9. Diction - The selection of specific words
10. Meaning - The physical and grammatical arrangement of words, or the use of figurative language enhanced by recalling memories of related experiences in the reader or listener or words combined in a mixture that communicates both a literal and suggested meaning. (denotation and connotation)

> Denotation - the dictionary and literal meaning of a word

> Connotation - the emotional or feeling behind the word

1. Story - A narrative or a story in a verse
2. Tone - The atmosphere in the poem. It is the attitude of the writer to the subject matter of the work
3. Theme - Overall central theme or idea within where one can extract valuable lessons to learn or embrace.
4. SIGHT
5. Images/Imagery - The mental pictures the poet creates through descriptive language.
6. Verse - A line of a poem, or a group of lines within a long poem.
7. Form - The arrangement of words, lines, verses, rhymes, and other features
8. Stanza - group of lines in a poem.
9. Meter - a rhythm that continuously repeats a single basic pattern.
10. Couplet - a part of a poem with similar rhythm and rhyme that will usually repeat later in the poem.

Checklist for Analyzing Poetry

• Who is the speaker?
• Who is the speaker’s audience?
• What is the poem’s theme?
• What is the poem’s structure?
• How is the poem organized?
• What is the poem’s rhyme scheme?
• Do the lines end with a completion of a thought or closed punctuation?
• How would you characterize the poem’s language or diction?
• What images are developed in the poem
• Is there any evidence of repetition, alliteration, and/or other sound effects in the poem?
• Is there any significance to the placements of words in the poem?
• Is there any significance to the poem’s punctuation or the capitalization and spelling of words?

“Life is a matter of choices, and every choice you make makes you.” - John C. Maxwell

“Life is about choices. Some we regret, some we’re proud of, some will haunt us forever. The message: We are what we chose to be.” - Graham Brown

“The Road Not Taken” - Robert Frost

“Colour” - Oglala Lakota

“First a Poem Must Be Magical” - Jose Garcia Villa

“A Corner In My Soul” - Saju Abraham

“A Prayer From The Womb” - Saju Abraham

“The Rhodora” - Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Slow Dance” - David L. Weatherhood

INTRODUCTION TO 21ST CENTURY WORLD LITERATURE

Time: the year 2001 marked the beginning of the 21st century.

• All literary works produced from that time and the years henceforth until today are in the 21st century world literature.
• From year 200 - 2100

Characteristics: depicts a dystopian world

• Emotional and social constructs themes arise
• Triumph of the human spirit continues
• “To be someone other than yourself is at the core of humanity, the essence of compassion, and it is the beginning of morality.” - McEwan
• Digital Revolution:
• Common Harsh Reality: Social Injustices
• Age of information
• The medium is the message
• The how is more important than the what
• Electronic literature arises: the growth of trimedia literature, hypertext literature, microblog, fan fiction, e-books.

New Genres Of 21st Century World Literature

Genres of Writing:

1. Fiction
2. Non Fiction
3. Poetry
4. Prose
5. Drama
6. Prose Poetry
7. Speculative Fiction - highlights imagination. An example is Simon’s Replica
8. Graphic Novel - manga, comics, manhwa, manhua
9. Doodle Fiction - comics (illustration without words)
10. Young Adult Literature -

• Young Adult: 16-25 years old
• Teen Fiction: 10-15 years old

Influences and trend of the 21st century:

1. Postmodernism - philosophical postmodern perspective, skeptical (doubtful, confuse)

• follow s the concept of Ideology: the meaning of the words is to be determined by the readers not the authors

1. Transrealism - rejects artificial construction of meaning

• Incorporates fantastic elements used in sci-fi
• interpretation is more important than the text itself
• used for plausible setting
• rejects artificial construction of meaning
• incorporates fantastic elements used in science fiction
• describes immediate from a natural setting

ILONGGO LITERATURE

How The Diversity Unfolded

• The mother language of West Visayas and thus, of Hiligaynon literature is Kinaray-a
• Kinaray-a was the language of the 10 datus from Borneo
• Two major languages of the West Visayas, Hiligaynon and Aklanon, grew from kinaray-a

The Oral Tradition of Hiligaynon Literature Incliudes:

1. Binalaybay (poem)
2. Paktakon (riddle)
3. Hurubaton (proverb)
4. Ili-ili (lullaby)
5. Balitaw (love song)
6. Ambahan (long song)
7. Asoy (tale)
8. Siday (poetic duel)

• Folk songs are usually accomplished by strings, percussion, or wind instruments.
• Prominent Panay epics (also known as “Sugidon”) are the “Labaw Donggon” and the “Hinilawod”
• The invention of the “C`1234566omposo”, a ballad sung as a tribute to a folk hero or a milestone event in a community.
• “Bordon” was commonly played during vigils for the dead, wherein the loser of this popular game would then have to recite a quatrain called the “Luwa”
• Hiligaynon literature incorporated the “Flores De Mayo”, a devotional prayer sung to the Virgin Mary during the month of May
• In honor of saints during feast celebrations, poets perform an ode called “Pagdayaw” as a tribute to the fiesta queen.

Mariano Perfecto

• Bicolano by birth
• Established the “imprenta La Panayana” in Iloilo City around the 1800s
• Responsible for the publishing of the widely popular “Alamanake Panayanhon” which contained “passion” novenas, and works by early Hiligaynon writers.

The Hiligaynon tradition came to include the “Zarzuela” , the “Moro-Moro”, and the “Corrido”

A play called “Rodrigo de Villas” was the most popular corrido from West Visayas during this time.

The arrival of the Americans ushered in a Golden Age of Hiligaynon Literature.

• Exemplary Poets Included:

1. Delfin Gumban
2. Flavio Zaragoza Cano
3. Santiago Alv. Mulatom
4. Serapion Torre

• Notable Novelists:

1. Angel Magahum
2. Ramon L. Musones
3. Magdalena Jalandoni

• Prominent Playwroghts:

1. Jose Ma. Ingalla
2. Jose Ma. Nava
3. Miguela Montelibano

• Excellent Essayists:

1. Rosendo Mejica - responsible for the establishment of Makinaugalingon Press in Iloilo Cit.
2. Augurio Abeto
3. Abe Gonzales

Golden Age of Hiligaynon Literature

• Rosendo Mejica - responsible for the establishment of Makinaugalingon Press in Iloilo City
• Liwayway Publications in Manila came up with “Hiligaynon” magazine, which allowed the Hiligaynon voice to be heard in the nation’s capital and beyond.

The momentum was carried into the Post-War Period:

• Yuhum magazine (La Defensa Press)
• Kasanag (Disolo Publications)
• Novelists like Jose E. Yap, and Conrado Norada kept Hiligaynon fiction strong.

Other prominent writers that time include:

1. Isabelo Sobrevega
2. Hernando Siscar
3. Ramon L. Muzones
4. Abe Gonzales
5. Santiago Alv. Mulato

• Hiligaynon fiction grew even more in subsequent decadews like irony and chracterization
• The novel remained popular while the short story gained its own headway
• In the 1960s, Mario L. Villaret, Nilo P. Pamanog, Romeo Garganera, Ismaelita Floro-Luza, and Ma. Luisa Defante Gibraltar emerged.
• During the administration of Corazon Aquino, campus writing in Kinaray-a was heavily promoted, and prominence in multilingual writing rose in the Hiligaynon region.
• In 1997, Palanca Awards began to recognize exemplary Hiligaynon short stories

“Nagkakanta Ako Kang Paglaum” - Genevieve L. Asenjo

WORLD LITERATURE: ASIAN LITERATURE

• Why do we need to study World/Asian Literature? - To understand and appreciate the different culture of other countries in the world, and their diversity.
• What is the purpose of World/Asian Liteature - To appreciate one’s diversity

HOW THE GROWTH OCCURED

• The literary traditions of Asia, the Largest Continent on the planet, are colossal in terms of scope and length of existence
• East Asia is a good place to start the literary exploration.

CHINA

• Has the most dominant literature
• Influenced the Japanese and Korean Literature
• One of the world’s cradles of civilization
• Mesopotamia - where the civilization started
• Beliefs: Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confusianism
• The chinese language was preserved for over 3,000 years
• Mandarin was there first language
• Has had an unbroken literary tradition that started back in the 14th century BCE
• The unfathomable longevity was achieved in the large part through the preservation of Chinese language across 3,000 years.
• Retained the reputation of keeping the fundamentals of its identity intact.
• The finest Chinese literature was the Tang Dynasty (618-907), when poets like Tu Fu, Li Po, and Wang Wei created landmark works unrivalled elsewhere in the world.
• Four sections of Chinese Literature:
• Masters of Literature
• Popular Literature Classics
• Textbooks of Literature and Papers
• Journals of Literature
• THEME: Culture, Philosophy, and History
• Literature is important to exhibit the country’s civilization and charm.
• Pre-Classical Period - influenced by oral traditions of different social and professional provenance
• Classical Period - Confucius or Kung Fu-Tzu became prominent, writer, philosopher, and a teacher
• Modern Literature - late Qing was a period of intellectual ferment sparked by sense of national crisis

JAPAN

• Evidently influeced by Chinese language and Chinese literature
• Japanese tradition created its unique legacy
• Haiku was the world-renowned poetic genre
• Diverse forms of theater such as the Noh and the Kabuki also flourished
• Cultural identity: simple yet complex, imperfect yet abounding with beauty
• Kabuki - most prominent theater play in Japan
• Where pantomime started
• KA - song
• BU -dance
• KI - skill
• Haiku - has a syllabic pattern of 5-7-5 in which words are kept simple that deals with themes about nature
• Japanese’ way to cope up from the suicide thoughts and suicidal cases in Japan is to make and create haiku
• Tanka - has five syllabic units consisting 5-7-5-7-7 pattern
• in the Philippines, we have Tanaga

Three Types of Drama

1. Noh
2. Kabuki
3. Jouri

Chikamatsu Monzaemon - Japan’s Shakespeare

Jippensha Ikku - Japan’s Mark Twain

Mangaka - artist who makes Manga

KOREA

• China’s cultural dominance in the region became even more evident when Korean poets wrote poetry in Chinese as early as the 4th Century CE
• Hangul was developed in the 15th century
• Follows: Confusianism, Buddhism, Taoism

SOUTH ASIA: india, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan

• India is the clear cultural giant
• The roots of indian literature may be traced to the hall mark of Hindu writings, such as Veda, Brahmanas, and the Upanishads
• The Veda was written in the Sanskrit Language
• The British colonization of subsequent centuries meant that English literature would emerge as a key influence– an influence that pervades up to the present day

INDIA

• Brahmanas - commentaries on rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices
• Upanishads - text on meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge
• Buddhism, Jainism
• Panchatantra - five books: oldest known collection of Indian Fables
• Aesop and Fontaine Fables
• Mahabharata “The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata”
• Ramayan “Life of Rama”
• The two important classical epics of India: Mahabharata and Ramayan

CENTRAL ASIA: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tibet, and Nepal

• Is political in culture
• Central asian literature were the Tsarist and Soviet regimes that eanated from what is now Russia
• Influenced by Russia
• Main theme: Politics

MIDDLE EAST: Bahrain, Iran, iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman

• The Arabic Literary Tradition Flourished
• Islam, a foundation of culture in the new era, was an essential component
• As literature in Arabic language grew, it began to influence cultures that the Arabian people came into contact with.
• These include the Persian, Byzantine, and Andalusian traditions
• Islamic Religion played a major role in the development of Arabic Literature
• The Qu’ran is a biblical scripture which served as the finest piece of literary work written in their own language.
• Hebrew Literature
• Coming of Jewish tradition before and after the coming of Christ

SOUTHEAST ASIA: Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

• Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia/Asia that was not colonized by a foreign country
• In Burma, literature has been heavily influenced by the Buddhist, Thai, and English cultures
• Thailand experienced Two Golden Eras of literature: (1) The Era of King Narai, 1657-1688; (2) The rule of King Rama II, 1809-1824
• Malaysia and Indonesia owe their literary traditions in large part to the Sanskrit language and the isla culture

CONTEMPORARY TIMES: A SNAPSHOT

CHINA

• In Modern Times, Chinese writers have remained prolific
• Chinese literature tradition is nevertheless prosperous
• Notable names include Mo Yan, a fictionist who won the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature
• Remarkable too were the novels of Yu Hua, Wang Shuo, and Shi Tiesheng; and the stories of Gao Xiaosheng, Wang Zengqi, and Zhang Chenzi

JAPAN

• Ever since the Meiji restoration in the 19th century, Western influences have permeated Japanese literature
• Manifestations of this include the pioneering of modern Japanese novels, translations of poetry from the West, and reinventions of traditional Jpaanese poetic forms like Tanka and the haiku
• In The Genre Of Drama, Playwrights Like Abe Kobo and Mishima Yukio became notable for creating world- renowned works

KOREA

• Korean war has created an inedible mark on Korean literature
• Themes of alienation, conscience, and disintegration have been presented in Korean works since the 1950s
• Self-Identity has also become a strong theme in korean literature such as poems, novels, and plays, well into the 20th century

INDIA

• India gained independence in the 2oth century
• Several indian writers became highly accomplished internationally acclaimed names
• These include Rabindranath Tagore (Nobel Prize Winner), Prem Chand, Raja Rao, and R.K. Narayan

CENTRAL ASIA

• Russia continue to influence the literature of central asia
• During the era of Sovet Union, Abdullah Qadiriy produced pioneering novels in the Uzbek Language and Mukhtar Auez-uli became noteworthy writer in Kazakh
• In the 20th century, Chingiz Aytmatov became a successful writer in the Russian Language

ARABIC TRADITION

• The issue of freedom of expression has become problematic for Arabic writers in the 21st century
• Tension between religious and secular movements–a conflict that also impacts the way that Arabic writers produce their texts

SOUTHEAST ASIA

• Colonization and postcolonial experiences were evident in Burmese works in the 20th century to this day
• In Thailand, the influence of western literature became truly pronounced after the country came into contact with the West during the WORLD WAR II
• Writers in Malaysia and Indonesia developed very distinct voices when the new Malay and Indonesian languages were born