Adattar_19_szazad_elso_fele

Page 1: 19th Century Hungarian and World Literature

• Key Authors and Works

  • Berzsenyi Dániel

    • Osztályrészem

      • Genre: Elegy

      • Theme: Existential reflection with a central metaphor of a ship, referencing Horace's poem.

    • Levéltöredék el barátnémhoz

      • Genre: Elegy

      • Theme: Dominant motif of fire, transforming into a metaphor for love.

    • A közelítő tél

      • Genre: Elegy

      • Theme: A confrontation with transience through the description of an autumn landscape.

    • A magyarokhoz (I.)

      • Genre: Ode

      • Theme: A community ode contrasting glorious Hungarian past with the current decay attributed to moral deterioration.

  • Katona József

    • Bánk bán

      • Genre: Tragedy

      • Theme: National drama.

  • Kölcsey Ferenc

    • Himnusz

      • Genre: Hymn

      • Structure: Framed structure, reflection on time and values.

    • Huszt

      • Genre: Epigram

      • Theme: Romantic situation with a communal command: "Hass, alkoss, gyarapíts."

    • Emléklapra

      • Genre: Epigram

      • Theme: A message about prioritizing the homeland.

    • Vanitatum vanitas

      • Genre: Vanity poem

      • Theme: Philosophical exploration of vanity and universal dimensions.

    • Zrínyi dala

      • Genre: Ode/role poem

      • Theme: Dialogue questioning, exchanges between Zrínyi and fate, highlighting national dimensions.

    • Zrínyi második éneke

      • Genre: Ode/role poem

      • Theme: Dialogue with fate where Zrínyi seeks pity amid national death.

    • Nemzeti hagyományok

      • Genre: Essay

      • Theme: Possibilities of maintaining national literature and language.

Page 2: Further Analysis of Kölcsey and Vörösmarty

• Kölcsey Ferenc

  • Parainesis Kölcsey Kálmánhoz

    • Genre: Advice poem

    • Theme: Wise counsel to his nephew.

  • Szózat

    • Genre: Community ode

    • Structure: Framed structure, evaluating past, present, and future.

  • Gondolatok a könyvtárban

    • Genre: Ideological ode/rapsody

    • Question: "Have the books advanced the world?"

  • A merengőhöz

    • Genre: Elegiac ode

    • Theme: Philosophical love poem.

  • Az emberek

    • Genre: Rapsody

    • Theme: Dark portrayal of humanity.

  • Előszó

    • Genre: Rapsody

    • Theme: Cosmic condensation of national past and present.

  • A vén cigány

    • Genre: Rapsody

    • Theme: Poetic sharing of a gypsy's perspective.

  • Csongor és Tünde

    • Genre: Dramatic poem

    • Themes: Philosophical fairy tale drawing from sources like Faust.

• Petőfi Sándor

  • János vitéz

    • Genre: Narrative poem

    • **Journey of János vitéz to a fairyland.

  • Az apostol

    • Genre: Narrative poem

    • Theme: Struggle for a better world with a lost family.

  • A helység kalapácsa

    • Genre: Comic epic

    • Theme: Love drama narrated in an epic style.

  • A négyökrös szekér

    • Genre: Life picture

    • Theme: Night journey with pastoral dialogue.

  • A bánat? egy nagy óceán

    • Genre: Epigrammatic poem

  • A természet vadvirága

    • Genre: Ars poetica

    • Theme: Declaration of poetic identity.

  • Fa leszek, ha...

    • Genre: Popular song

    • Theme: Love song.

Page 3: Petőfi's Versatile Works

• Petőfi Sándor

  • Reszket a bokor, mert...

    • Genre: Song

    • Theme: Love verse featuring folk-like images.

  • Az alföld

    • Genre: Descriptive poem

    • Theme: Connection of the plain to homeland and freedom.

  • Kis-Kunság

    • Genre: Descriptive poem

    • Theme: Similar homage to homeland and freedom.

  • A puszta télen

    • Genre: Descriptive poem

    • Theme: Negative portrayal of the landscape.

  • Nemzeti dal

    • Genre: Song/march

    • Theme: Anthem for the 1848 Revolution.

  • Szabadság, szerelem

    • Genre: Epigram

    • Theme: Value hierarchy: life < love < freedom.

  • Szeptember végén

    • Genre: Elegy

    • Theme: Love verse contrasting nature.

  • Minek nevezzelek?

    • Genre: Ode

    • Theme: Love declaration intertwined with philosophy of language.

  • Egy gondolat bánt engemet

    • Genre: Rapsody

    • Theme: Revolutionary visions and battles for the people.

  • A XIX. század

    • Genre: Poet's ars poetica

    • Theme: Poet as a leader with biblical imagery.

  • Fekete-piros

    • Genre: Song/ode

    • Theme: Connection to Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott.

  • A Morgue utcai kettős gyilkosság

    • Genre: Crime story/novel

    • Theme: Birth of detective story.

  • A párizsi Notre-Dame

    • Genre: Novel

  • Puskin Anyegin

    • Genre: Versified novel

  • A lengyel anyához

    • Genre: Elegiac, hymn-like, didactic poem.

  • Loreley

    • Genre: Ballad

Page 4: Major Figures in Hungarian Literature

• Berzsenyi Dániel

  • Major figure of Hungarian Enlightenment; followed Horace in themes, worldview, and forms.

  • Genres: ode, elegy, epistle.

  • Themes: national decay, worldview.

• Kölcsey Ferenc

  • Active during the transition from classicism to romanticism.

  • Colleague of Kazinczy, significant poet of the 1820s-30s.

  • Contributed to Hungarian literary critique and political life of reform period.

• Vörösmarty Mihály

  • Key figure in Hungarian Romanticism, author of canonical pieces in poetry.

  • Explored universal human historical and cultural questions.

• Petőfi Sándor

  • The greatest poet of Hungarian Romanticism.

• Literary Terms

  • Genres: Epic, Lyric, Drama.

  • Lyric Forms: Epigram, Elegy, Ode, Hymn, Song, Eclogue, Rapsody.

  • Epic Forms: Myth, Tale, Epic.

  • Dramatic Forms: Tragedy, Comedy.

• Archetype: Ancient shape or form preserved in the collective unconscious.

• Topos: Recurring literary image or motif across different periods and authors, e.g. spring as youth.

• Tragedy: Dramatic genre featuring significant loss leading to catharsis (e.g., Antigone, Romeo and Juliet, Bánk bán).

• Comedy: Dramatic genre culminating in a favorable resolution.

• Dialogue and Monologue: Exchanges and long speeches in dramatic texts.

• Epic: Major narrative form celebrating community defining events and characters of divine origin.

Page 5: Epic Conventions and Definitions

• Epic Conventions:

  • Invocation: Call to the Muse at the beginning of the epic.

    • Example: "Sing to me, Muse, of a man..." (Odyssey).

  • Proposition: Anticipation of the story's theme.

  • Enumeration: Listing armies to demonstrate size and impress listeners.

  • In Medias Res: Starts the narrative in the middle of action.

  • Epic Simile: Detailed comparisons that may develop into their own stories.

  • Epitheton Ornans: Fixed phrases used for easier memorization, e.g., "swift-footed Achilles."

  • Deus Ex Machina: Divine interventions that influence human events.

• Poetic Genres:

  • Song: Personal and emotional expression with musical qualities.

  • Elegy: Reflective and melancholic poem from ancient Greece.

  • Epigram: Short, pithy poem, often witty or pointed, originally epitaphs.

  • Hymn: Poetic praises directed to divine powers.

  • Ode: Elevated poems on serious subjects.

  • Eclogue: Conversations set in pastoral settings.

  • Meter: Constraining rhythm involving long/short syllabic patterns.

  • Hexameter: Six metrical feet in each line.

  • Pentameter: Five metrical feet, often with coda.

  • Distichon: Fixed pairs of lines consisting of hexameter and pentameter.

• Aesthetic Principles:

  • Ars Poetica: Statement of artistic principles.

  • Sonnet: 14-line poem with specific structure and rhyme.

  • Life Picture: Short literary works depicting everyday life with select characteristics.

  • Comic Epic: Distinctly smaller subjects placed in elevated forms.

Page 6: Literary Concepts and Movements

• Vátesz (Seer) Concept:

  • Poet as a prophet for their people during the reform period.

• Comedic or Comic Epic:

  • Humor through elevated heroic language with trivial subjects.

• Folk Scene Ballad:

  • Poet adopts persona of folk character to express emotions.

• Advice: Moral directives issued in prose or poetic forms, formatted as letters or speeches.

• Value Confrontation Verses:

  • Verse types juxtaposing values across different time periods, emphasizing loss over time.

• Prophetic Role:

  • Poet acknowledges his foresight, addressing their community directly.

• Rapsody:

  • Linked to ode and hymn; characterized by emotional fluctuations.

• Dramatic Poem:

  • Aimed at reading rather than performance; questions the essence of human life.

Page 7: Literature of the Reform Era

• Népiesség (Peasant Culture):

  • Use of folk literature and style in high culture.

• Life Play: Short literary works that capture everyday experiences and emotions.

• Genre Painting: Depicts typical situations without individualization.

• Epic Narrative:

  • Versified narrative, often more lyrical than other epic forms.

• Realism in Lyric Poetry:

  • Truthful representations infused with personal emotion.

• Directional Novel:

  • Novels that advocate for social or political change.

• Romanticism:

  • A style emerging in late 18th-century literature, spreading across Europe in the 19th century.

• Versified Novel:

  • Combines narrative elements with lyrical aspects.

• Historical Novel:

  • Explores historical events with both real and fictional characters.

• Superfluous Man:

  • A character archetype in Russian literature, typically a disillusioned intellectual.

• Herder's Prophecy:

  • Herder's view that weak nations will fade into obscurity.