Chemistry test

Solids-

Arrangement- Close together, fixed position and regular pattern

Movement- Vibration

Properties- Definite shape and volume, cannot flow and is rigid, cannot be squashed

Liquids-

Arranged- Randomly and irregularly

Movement- Free to move around each other

Properties- Fixed volume, shape changed, flows to fit a container, cannot be squashed, not rigid

Gases-

Arrangement- Far apart, randomly arranged

Movement- Moves quickly in random directions, free to move

Properties- Doesn’t have a fixed shape or volume, can flow to fit a container

States of Matter: plasma, solid, liquid, gas 

(s)- solid

(l)- liquid

(g)- gas

(aq)- aqueous (dissolved in water)

All particles (solid, liquid or gas) are moving and anything that moves has kinetic energy.

Increase the kinetic energy of particles by increasing the temperature.

A change of state is when the particle arrangement of a material changes by the change in kinetic energy and the forces between particles.

Solid to Liquid= Melting

Liquid to solid= Freezing

Liquid to gas= Boiling or Evaporation

What is the difference between Boiling and Evaporation? Boiling is when all the particles turn into gas at high temperature. Evaporation is much slower and only the surface will evaporate.

Gas to liquid= Condensation

Solid to gas- Sublimation

Gas to solid- Deposition

Lesson 3- Atomic structure:

Subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Relative charge of each subatomic particle: 

Proton: positive charge (+1)

Neutron: neutral charge (0)

Electron: negative charge (-1) 

An atom has no overall charge because an atom has the same number of protons (positive charge)  and electrons (negative charge) so the positive and negative charge cancels each other out. 

Relative mass: 

Proton: 1 

Neutron: 1

Electron: 1/1836 almost 0 

The atomic number is the number of protons which has a equal number 

To find the amount of neutrons there are you have to subtract the atomic mass from the atomic number. 

An Isotope is an atom of the same element but with a different mass. Both have the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons. 

John Dalton:

Discovery- Everything was made of atoms

Model name- Solid sphere model

JJ Thompson:

Discovery- Electrons

Model name- Plum pudding model

Ernest Rutherford:

Discovery- Nucleus

Model name- The nuclear atom

Neils Bohr:

Discovery- Electron shells

Model name- Planetary model

James Chadwick:

Discovery- Neutrons

Model name- atomic model

Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells/energy levels.

What is the maximum number of electrons in each shell?

Group number in the periodic table (vertical group): number of electrons in the outermost shell

Period number (horizontal group): total number of shells 

The number of electrons in the outer shell determines the chemical reactivity 

Certain elements are grouped together because they have similar chemical properties

Elements in group 0 (Noble gases) have a full outer shell 

Electrons are attracted to the nucleus because the nucleus has a positive charge and electrons are negatively charged and are therefore attracted to the positively charged nucleus (opposites attract).

An element is a substance made of just one atom. The first letter of an element is always capital.

Atoms are made up of a single particle.

A molecule is made of more than one atom that is chemically joined.

Mixture: a compound made up of two or more chemical components that are not chemically linked.

Compound: a substance formed by chemically bonding two or more different chemical elements together.

Metals are on the left side of the periodic table from the staircase Boron to Tennessine 

Liquid metals at room temperature- Mercury and Bromine

John Newland: Made the first attempt on creating the periodic table, arranged the elements in columns, only added their symbols, grouped only some together, and proposed the law of octaves (every 8th of an element had similar properties). He did not leave gaps for undiscovered elements and overall his design got backlash and was subsequently rejected. 

Dmitri Mendeleev: Devised the periodic table. Arranged elements by an increase in atomic mass and chemical properties, group numbers, left gaps for future discovered elements, and swapped the order of the elements. Not only did he create the periodic table, but he also predicted future elements and their properties.

Solids-

Arrangement- Close together, fixed position and regular pattern

Movement- Vibration

Properties- Definite shape and volume, cannot flow and is rigid, cannot be squashed

Liquids-

Arranged- Randomly and irregularly

Movement- Free to move around each other

Properties- Fixed volume, shape changed, flows to fit a container, cannot be squashed, not rigid

Gases-

Arrangement- Far apart, randomly arranged

Movement- Moves quickly in random directions, free to move

Properties- Doesn’t have a fixed shape or volume, can flow to fit a container

States of Matter: plasma, solid, liquid, gas 

(s)- solid

(l)- liquid

(g)- gas

(aq)- aqueous (dissolved in water)

All particles (solid, liquid or gas) are moving and anything that moves has kinetic energy.

Increase the kinetic energy of particles by increasing the temperature.

A change of state is when the particle arrangement of a material changes by the change in kinetic energy and the forces between particles.

Solid to Liquid= Melting

Liquid to solid= Freezing

Liquid to gas= Boiling or Evaporation

What is the difference between Boiling and Evaporation? Boiling is when all the particles turn into gas at high temperature. Evaporation is much slower and only the surface will evaporate.

Gas to liquid= Condensation

Solid to gas- Sublimation

Gas to solid- Deposition

Lesson 3- Atomic structure:

Subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Relative charge of each subatomic particle: 

Proton: positive charge (+1)

Neutron: neutral charge (0)

Electron: negative charge (-1) 

An atom has no overall charge because an atom has the same number of protons (positive charge)  and electrons (negative charge) so the positive and negative charge cancels each other out. 

Relative mass: 

Proton: 1 

Neutron: 1

Electron: 1/1836 almost 0 

The atomic number is the number of protons which has a equal number 

To find the amount of neutrons there are you have to subtract the atomic mass from the atomic number. 

An Isotope is an atom of the same element but with a different mass. Both have the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons. 

John Dalton:

Discovery- Everything was made of atoms

Model name- Solid sphere model

JJ Thompson:

Discovery- Electrons

Model name- Plum pudding model

Ernest Rutherford:

Discovery- Nucleus

Model name- The nuclear atom

Neils Bohr:

Discovery- Electron shells

Model name- Planetary model

James Chadwick:

Discovery- Neutrons

Model name- atomic model

Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells/energy levels.

What is the maximum number of electrons in each shell?

Group number in the periodic table (vertical group): number of electrons in the outermost shell

Period number (horizontal group): total number of shells 

The number of electrons in the outer shell determines the chemical reactivity 

Certain elements are grouped together because they have similar chemical properties

Elements in group 0 (Noble gases) have a full outer shell 

Electrons are attracted to the nucleus because the nucleus has a positive charge and electrons are negatively charged and are therefore attracted to the positively charged nucleus (opposites attract).

An element is a substance made of just one atom. The first letter of an element is always capital.

Atoms are made up of a single particle.

A molecule is made of more than one atom that is chemically joined.

Mixture: a compound made up of two or more chemical components that are not chemically linked.

Compound: a substance formed by chemically bonding two or more different chemical elements together.

Metals are on the left side of the periodic table from the staircase Boron to Tennessine 

Liquid metals at room temperature- Mercury and Bromine

John Newland: Made the first attempt on creating the periodic table, arranged the elements in columns, only added their symbols, grouped only some together, and proposed the law of octaves (every 8th of an element had similar properties). He did not leave gaps for undiscovered elements and overall his design got backlash and was subsequently rejected. 

Dmitri Mendeleev: Devised the periodic table. Arranged elements by an increase in atomic mass and chemical properties, group numbers, left gaps for future discovered elements, and swapped the order of the elements. Not only did he create the periodic table, but he also predicted future elements and their properties.