Experimental Plant Science Exam 2

Chapter 8

1. What year did Indian and Chinese writing begin to classify plants?

Indian (based on morphology): 1600 BCE

Chinese (based on pharmaceutical uses): 480 BCE

2. Who is the father of Botany? How many plants did he list?

Theophrastus

500 plants

3. What was the first list of taxonomy of plants? How long was it the standard of taxonomy?

Materia Medica

1500 years 

4. What happened during the renaissance in botany?

The  book “Herbals” was released, which was a medical plant identification and preparation book.

5. What was the old way of taxonomy? 

Writing a paragraph in latin of the properties of the plant 

6. What role did Linnaeus contribute in botany?

Came up with classification system (taxonomic system)

7. What is a binomial? What are the three names it is composed of?

Scientific name of living beings. First is the genus and then the species.

Ex: Pisum sativum L.

• Pisum (genus)

• Sativum (species)(epithet)

• L: The author of the binomial

8. Describe the importance of keeping past seeds.

Comparing the ones we have today and we can study the sequence of genetics

9. What is modern taxonomy based on?

Morphological, physiological and molecular evidence

10. List the class hierarchy.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

11. What is a taxon?

The group in which organisms are classified.

12. What is the issue of classifying plants morphologically?

Convergent evolution (unrelated organisms end up with similar traits)

13. What are Cladistics?

A method of classifying living beings according to common ancestors and evolutionary relationships.

14. Define Clade.

Branch of a cladogram which includes a common ancestor and all descendants.

15. What does it mean when clades are monophyletic?

They have “natural” groupings.

16. What are the premises of Natural Selection?

• All members of a species show variation

• Populations produce more offspring that can survive

• Individuals compete for resources and mates

• Individuals best suited to the environment pass on more genes, thus population evolves.

17. What percentage of plants are in tropical rainforests? 

70%

18. How many species of angiosperms are there?

250,000. Humans use 20k as a food source.

50% of human calories come from

• Wheat

• Corn

• Rice

19. How is agriculture inhibiting the future of agriculture?

Lack of diversity and genetic base lowering

Chapter 22

1. Describe the different features of algae. 

• Aquatic, non-vascular, photosynthetic 

• Ranges from unicellular to 60 meter long giant kelp

2. What is the basic body structure of algae?

Thallus: basic photosynthetic structure

3. Is algae considered prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Both

4. What do all algae have? Why is it significant?

• Chlorophyll a

• E^– gets excited and is released and begins the light dependent reactions

5. What pigments green algae and euglenoids have? What are the similarities?

• Chl a & b and carotenoids

• They both contain chlorophyll a & b an carotenoids as their primary photosynthetic pigment 

6. What other accessory pigments are there?

Chl C

7. What color is cyanobacteria?

Blue-green

8. Explain the function of cyanobacteria.

Some is able to fix N from the air/Important in nitrogen cycle

9. Are cyanobacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic

10. Is dinoflagellates multi or unicellular?

Unicellular

11. What composes the dinoflagellates? How do they function?

Hard cellulose plates and 2 flagella: spin through the water

12. Are dinoflagellates autotrophs, mixotrophs, or heterotrophs

All of the above

13. What do dinoflagellates contain?

Animal toxins, which lead to red tides.

14. What portion of the dinoflagellates is photosynthetic?

Cellulosis 

15. What forms the cell wall of diatoms?

Ornamented silica 

16. What produces diatomaceous earth?

Aggregations 

17. What functions do diatoms have?

• Pool filter

• Natural pesticide

18. Describe the structure of diatoms.

Glass like structure

19. What structure do Euglenoids have?

• 1-2 flagella: for locomotion

• Protein -containing flexible covering 

• NO CELL WALL

• Sensible to light (follows it to perform photosynthesis)

20. Are Euglenoids autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic?

Mixotrophs

21.  How do euglenoids sense light?

With eye spot, senses absence of light

22. What environment do green algae reside in?

Freshwater and marine

23.  Is green algae unicellular or multicellular?

Both

24. Describe 2 characteristics of green algae.

Colonial and filamentous

25. What common trait does green algae have with land plants?

Same photosynthetic pigments 

26. Label

 Chlorella 

27.  Is it unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular

28. What is the main environment of red algae?

Marine

29. What does red algae contain? How are they commercially used?

Agars and carrageenan: used as food thickeners and syrup

30. Describe what is in the wall structure of red algae.

Rigid aggregations of calcium in walls

31. What is the main environment of brown algae?

Mostly marine

32. List an example of brown algae.

Kelp “trees” of coastal marine

33. How does brown algae float?

A portion holds ar as it floats closer to the surface

34. Why have a variety of photosynthetic pigments evolved in marine algae, but not in land plants? 

There is a different spectrum of light in water which is why there is more variety the deeper algae is under water that needs to absorb different color of light

35. Why is health omega-3 obtained via fish instead of algae directly?

Fish concentrates the oil

36. What is the potential advantage of algae as biofuel?

• Full of lipids and oils that can produce diesel 

• Grows very quickly

• Higher concentration of energy

37. Which algae is toxic?

Cyanobacteria

38. What toxin accumulates in shellfish?

Dinoflagellates

39. What does pfiesteria(dinoflagellate) do?

Secretes toxin to kill then feed off fish and can lead to dermatitis in humans

40. List characteristics of invasive species?

• Compete for resources

• Reproduces quickly

• Do not have natural predators

Chapter 23

1. What is the economic use of fungi?

• Yeasts

• Food

• Crop diseases

• Human maladies

• Fermentation

2. What is the ecological use of fungi?

• Interaction with other 

• Decomposition 

• Succession 

• Supports life on earth

3. What are the animal-like characteristics of fungi?

• Heterotrophic

• Storage of carbohydrate often glycogen

4. What are the plant-like characteristics of fungi?

Cell walls generally contain chitin fibrils

5. What domain are fungi in?

Eukaryote

6. Are fungi single cells or filaments?

Both

7. What is another name for filaments?

Hyphae

8. What is a group of hyphae called?

Mycelium

9. Is hyphae septate or nonseptate?

Both

10.  What is the difference between nonseptate hyphae and septate hyphae?

Septate has cell walls separating the nuclei while nonseptate is considered as one cell

11. How do fungi reproduce?

Both asexually and sexually with spores

12. Define plasmogamy.

Fusion of cytoplasm 

13. Define Karyogamy.

Fusion of two haploid nuclei

14. What occurs when karyogamy does not occur immediately after plasmogamy?

Leads to dikaryon: two genetically different nuclei/cell

15. Where does spore production occur during asexual reproduction?

Within sporangium ro as as condia w/o enclosure

16. What are chytridiomycota?

Typically parasites of plants, animals, and other fungi

17. How is it affecting amphibian life?

Resulting in the world-wide decline of amphibians via dermal cells reducing respiration

18. How was the zygomycota named after?

For its thick-walled spore-containing zygosporangia

19. Are zygomycota nonsepatate or sepatate?

Mainly nonseptate

20. Name an example of zygomycota?

Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

21. Identify

Microsporangium on dung

22. What is an ascomycota?

Sack-fungi

23. What makes up ascocarp?

Separate dikaryon

24. Describe the cycle for 8 ascospores/asci to form. List examples.

Karyogamy, meiosis, then mitosis 

• Years

• Female infectious yeast

• Athletes foot fungi

25.  What fungi grows in Nebraska?

Urbani fresh white truffles

26. What is included in ascomycota?

Imperfect fungi

27. What is unknown of the ascomycota?

No known sexual stages

28. List the antibiotic of ascomycota?

penicillium/penicillin

29. What can aspergillus cause? 

Aspergillosis, lung infection cystic fibrosis or asthma patients more susceptible 

30. What does geomyces destructans cause?

Causes white nose syndrome in insect-eating bats: 90% mortality in two species

31. What are basidomycotas?

Spores produced on basidium: tiny pegs or clubs, ‘club fungi’

32. What makes a sporulating body (basidiocarp)?

Dikaryon, septate hyphae

33. What produces basidiospores?

Karyogamy and meiosis occur in the basidium producing basidiospores

34. What are the common four forms?

• Mushrooms

• Puffballs

• Rusts

• Smuts 

35. Describe the difference between parasitic and mutualistic symbiont.

Parasitic harms host mutualistic benefits host

36. What is saprobe?

Nutrients from non-living organic material (decomposition)

37.  What is mycorrhizae?

Symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi

38. What are the mutualistic benefits?

Nutrients and carbohydrates to fungi

39. What is ectomycorrhizae?

Mostly basidiomycetes, forma  mantle around the root

40. What is endomycorrhizae?

Hyphae penetrate plant cell walls

41. What is the function of lichens?

Symbiosis of fungi and green algae and/or cyanobacteria

42. What is the mutualism between lichens and fungi?

Fungi is the photosynthetic partner and algae can live in trees and rocks (different environments)

43. What conditions can lichens tolerate?

Extreme environments

44. Know Lichen structure.

45.  Explain the late blight of potato.

When Ireland  had a famine due to low stocks of potatoes, so many of the people had to immigrate to the United States.

46. Describe rusts.

• Most require alternate hosts

• Common on cereal grains

47. What is the function of cedar-apple rust?

• Allows rust fungi to overinter. In apple fungi in leaves and fruit

• Allows for sexual recombination (apple)

48. How does Dutch Elm disease spread disease quickly?

• The roots underground are connected

• Blocks xylem(no way for water and nutrients to be transported)

49. What approaches can be used to control fungal diseases without the widespread use of fungicides?

Diversity of plants and food sources

Chapter 24 

1. When was wine first produced in China? In Egypt?

China: 9kya

Egypt: 5kya

2. Define enology.

Science of winemaking

3. Define viticulture.

Cultivation of grapes

4. How long can vines be productive?

50 years

5. What type(s) of grapes does white wine have?

Red or white grapes

6. What type(s) of grapes does red wine have?

Only red grapes

7. Explain the difference between red and white wine.

Red skin contains anthocyanins and tannins that give red color

8. What percentage of wine has ethanol? At what percent is yeast killed?

9-14%

14%

9. Where is official champagne made?

In the champagne region in France

10. What happens during the secondary fermentation of champagne? 

It creates carbon dioxide in bottles

11. How far back is beer dated?

6kya

12. What are the four components of beer?

• Barley malt

• Starch of cereal grain

• Hops: Provides bitterness, maintains foamy head, antimicrobial 

• Yeast

• Water

13. Explain the germination of barley malt. What does it provide in beer?

Germinated barley grains, dried and crushed

Provides sugars and colors

14. What two categories does beer fall into? What is the difference between the two?

Ale and Lagers

Ale ferments at higher temperature and stays at the surface, lagers fermented at lower temperature and does not float to the surface 

15. How is beer/wine distilled? After it boils, what happens after?

It is heated to the point alcohol boils but before water boils

The vapors are then collected 

16. What is a proof?

The percentage of ethanol doubled

17. What is the percentage of a typical ethanol?

40-50%

18. What are the four components of whiskey?

• Distilled grain beer

• Scotch: malted barley

• Bourbon: corn

• Rye: rye

19. What type of alcohol and oil is absinthe?

Grain alcohol

Oil of wormwood

20. What does absinthe contain?

Thujone: psychoactive compound

21. Define absinthism.

Neurological damage from abusers

22. Why might red wine have the best health advantages?

It contains antioxidants

23. How much alcohol has to be consumed to be considered binge drinking?

4-5 drinks/2hrs

24. Describe mushroom nutrition?

• Complete protein source

• Vit. C, D, and B’s

• High fiber, low calorie

Chapter 25

1. Why would fungi produce antibiotics?

As a defense mechanism against bacteria since they are both part of the decaying process

2. Who discovered Penicillium fungi?

Alexander Fleming

3. What does penicillin reduce? How does it reduce it?

Reduces bacterial growth

It blocks cell wall synthesis of gram-positive bacteria

4. Why is penicillin the first “miracle” drug?

Cheap, effective, and readily available

5. What are the drawbacks to penicillin?

Bacteria become resistant towards it and a small percentage of people are allergic to it

6. Is penicillin commonly synthesized or collected? Why?

Commonly collected since it is cheaper to grow and easy to extract

7. List three of the semisynthetic forms of penicillin.

• Amoxicillin

• Ampicillin

• Methicillin

8. What is another antibiotic?

Streptomycin from fungi Streptomyces

9. Search continues for antibiotics and antifungals derived from fungi and bacteria. Why?

To combat resistance of antibiotics

10. With the increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics, infectious diseases are once again on the rise. How has this problem developed?

When not all of the bacteria is wiped out, and the genes that combat it are passed on making it resistant. Bacteria are also able to reproduce quickly as well.

11. Where are mycotoxins produced?

OFten produce by fungi in contaminated food

12. What are the traits of mycotoxins?

Toxic and carcinogenic

13. How many forms of mycotoxins have been identified?

Over 300 forms

14. List an example of a mycotoxin. What does it cause?

Aflatoxin from Aspergillus flavus

Cause increased liver cancer inAsian and African populations

15. What can be done to protect the food supply from mycotoxins?

• Seal food properly

• Refrigeration

• Keep dry food dry

16. Which fungus infects cereal grains, ground in flour?

Claviceps purpurea

17. What are many of the different toxic alkaloids produced by?

Fungi

18. What do alkaloids cause?

Vasoconstriction (muscle pain, burning sensation, miscarriage, and CNS effects hallucinations, death)

19. Why were the symptoms of alkaloids a factor in the Salem witch trials?

They did not understand what was happening and the weather conditions was favorable for ergotism

20. What produces lysergic acid alkaloids? It is the basis synthesis of what?

Ergot

Basis for synthesis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

21. What is the most potent psychoactive drug known? What does it interfere with?

LSD, interferes with neurotransmitter serotonin

22. Is there a way to distinguish edible mushrooms

No

23. Label

Amanita

24. Explain the trait of amatoxins.

Deadly poisons in various fungi genera

25. How are amatoxins toxic?

Inhibits mRNA synthesis

Proteins cannot form/inhibits translation and transcription

26. Amanita genus causes what percentages of mushroom fatalities?

95%

27. Name the hallucinogenic fungi. What are the effects?

Amanita muscaria 

Loss of coordination, vivid dreams, and distortions

28. How long has hallucinogenic fungi used for?

1000 years

29. What genus are Hallucinogenic fungi a part of?

Psilocybe

30. Why did the Aztecs use Amanita muscaria?

Religious and healing purposes

31. What does Amanita muscaria affect? What are the symptoms?

Affects neurotransmitter

• Hallucinations

• Depression 

• Paralysis

32. What is the evolutionary advantage for mushrooms to produce toxic or psychoactive compounds?

As a deterrent from predators and bacteria

33. Define the type of fungi Dermatophytes are.

Fungi that metabolize keratin on skin, hair, and nails

34. What does Tinea capitis form?

Ringworm on scalp caused by various species

35. What is the medical term for Tinea capitis?

Tinea pedis

36. How is Tinea pedis transferred?

Person to person

37. What are Candida albicans?

Normal part of body’s 

38. Define System mycoses.

Fungal pathogens that infect tissue below the skin: typically chronic, slow developing

39. Explain histoplasmosis.

Fungal spores from bird and bat dung, inhaled and infect lungs, with TB-like symptoms; E, Mid USA

40. Explain Coccidioidomycosis.

Saprobe in soil of SW USA, spores infect lungs; symptoms none, flu-like. Can be fatal

41. How many fungal spores are in the air?

100K/m2 

42. Are fungal spores seasonal?

Non-seasonal (whenever ground is not covered in ice/snow

43. Explain Sick Building Syndrome.

Poor ventilation leading to accumulation of chemical and biological contaminants

44. What homes are the most at risk for Sick Building Syndrome?

People occupying damp/moldy buildings at increased risk of respiratory problems and allergic reactions