lecture 10

Introduction to Bones

• Focus on different types of bones and their structures.

Types of Bones

• Flat Bones:

  • Examples: Sternum, scapula, skull bones.

• Irregular Bones:

  • Examples: Vertebrae (spinal bones), certain bones in the skull.

  • Feature: High interconnected matrix making them lightweight yet strong.

Long Bone Structure

• Ends of Long Bones (Epiphysis):

  • Called heads or epiphysis.

  • Includes proximal and distal epiphysis.

• Diaphysis:

  • Unique arrangement of compact bone and an open cavity called the medullary cavity.

  • Walls of the cavity consist of spongy bone.

  • The empty medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow.

Coverings of Bones

• Articular Cartilage:

  • Covers the ends of long bones.

  • Designed to reduce friction between bones during movement (articulation).

• Periosteum:

  • A membrane covering all areas of bone, except where articular cartilage is present.

  • Contains perforating (Sharpey's) fibers that help attach it to bone.

  • Rich in blood vessels that access the bone.

  • Thicker at sites of attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Internal Structures of Bone

• Endosteum:

  • Thinner membrane lining the medullary cavity and covering internal structures.

• **Oste